Taurine is a nonproteinogenic s-aminosulfonic acid. Important dietary sources of taurine are fish and seafood. Taurine interacts with ion channels, stabilizes membranes, and regulates the cell volume. These actions confirm its high concentrations in excitable tissues like retina, neurons, and muscles. Retinal degeneration, cardiomyopathy, as well as skeletal muscle malfunction are evident in taurine-deficient phenotypes. There is evidence that taurine counteracts lipid peroxidation and increases cellular antioxidant defense in response to inflammation. In activated neutrophils, taurine reacts with hypochloric acid to form taurine chloramine, which triggers the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-nuclear factor E2-related factor 1 (Keap1-Nrf2) pathway. Consequently, Nrf2 target genes, such as heme oxygenase-1 and catalase, are induced. Furthermore, taurine may prevent an overload of reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly by an inhibition of ROS generation within the respiratory chain. Taurine affects mitochondrial bioenergetics and taurine-deficient mice exhibit an impaired exercise performance. Moreover, some studies demonstrate that taurine enhances the glycogen repletion in the postexercise recovery phase. In the case of taurine deficiency, many studies observed a phenotype known in muscle senescence and skeletal muscle disorders. Overall, taurine plays an important role in cellular redox homeostasis and skeletal muscle function.

Taurine: a regulator of cellular redox homeostasis and skeletal muscle function.

Infrequent exercise, typically involving eccentric actions, has been shown to cause oxidative stress and to damage muscle tissue. High taurine levels are present in skeletal muscle and may play a role in cellular defences against free radical-mediated damage. This study investigates the effects of taurine supplementation on oxidative stress biomarkers after eccentric exercise (EE). Twenty-four male rats were divided into the following groups (n = 6): control; EE; EE plus taurine (EE + Taurine); EE plus saline (EE + Saline). Taurine was administered as a 1-ml 300 mg kg−1 per body weight (BW) day−1 solution in water by gavage, for 15 consecutive days. Starting on the 14th day of supplementation, the animals were submitted to one 90-min downhill run session and constant velocity of 1·0 km h−1. Forty-eight hours after the exercise session, the animals were killed and the quadriceps muscles were surgically removed. Production of superoxide anion, creatine kinase (CK) levels, lipoperoxidation, carbonylation, total thiol content and antioxidant enzyme were analysed. Taurine supplementation was found to decrease superoxide radical production, CK, lipoperoxidation and carbonylation levels and increased total thiol content in skeletal muscle, but it did not affect antioxidant enzyme activity after EE. The present study suggests that taurine affects skeletal muscle contraction by decreasing oxidative stress, in association with decreased superoxide radical production. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Taurine supplementation decreases oxidative stress in skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise.

This study examined whether acute taurine (T) ingestion before prolonged cycling would improve time-trial (TT) performance and alter whole-body fuel utilization compared with a control (CON) trial and a placebo (PL) trial in which participants were told they received taurine but did not Eleven endurance-trained male cyclists (272 ± 15 yr, 743 ± 23 kg, 599 ± 23 ml · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹; M ± SEM) completed 3 trials in a randomized, crossover, blinded design in which they consumed a noncaloric sweetened beverage with either 166 g of T or nothing added (CON, PL) 1 hr before exercise Participants then cycled at 665% ± 19% VO(2max) for 90 min followed immediately by a TT (doing 5 kJ of work/kg body mass as fast as possible) Data on fluid administration, expired gas, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion were collected at 15-min intervals during the 90-min cycling ride, but there were no differences recorded between trials There was no difference in TT performance between any of the 3 trials (1,500 ± 87 s) Average carbohydrate (T 273 ± 021, CON 288 ± 019, PL 289 ± 020 g/min) and fat (T 045 ± 005, CON 039 ± 004, PL 039 ± 005 g/min) oxidation rates were unaffected by T supplementation T ingestion resulted in a 16% increase (5 g, ~84 kJ; p < 05) in total fat oxidation over the 90-min exercise period compared with CON and PL The acute ingestion of 166 g of T before exercise did not enhance TT performance but did result in a small but significant increase in fat oxidation during submaximal cycling in endurance-trained cyclists

The Effect of Acute Taurine Ingestion on Endurance Performance and Metabolism in Well-Trained Cyclists

Background
Previous studies have evaluated the effectiveness of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation for preventing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise, their findings have been inconclusive. Since taurine has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, the present study investigated the combined effect of BCAA and taurine on DOMS and muscle damage.

/pdf/combined-effect-of-branched-chain-amino-acids-and-taurine-4y3w197oil.pdf

Combined effect of branched-chain amino acids and taurine supplementation on delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle damage in high-intensity eccentric exercise

The effect of a pre-workout energy supplement on acute multi- joint resistance exercise was examined in eight resistance-trained college-age men. Subjects were randomly provided either a placebo (P) or a supplement (S: containing caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, creatine, β-alanine, and the amino acids; leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamine and arginine) 10 minutes prior to resistance exercise. Subjects performed 4 sets of no more than 10 repetitions of either barbell squat or bench press at 80% of their pre-determined 1 repetition- maximum (1RM) with 90 seconds of rest between sets. Dietary intake 24 hours prior to each of the two training trials was kept constant. Results indicate that consuming the pre-workout energy drink 10 minutes prior to resistance exercise enhances performance by significantly increasing the number of repetitions successfully performed (p = 0.022) in S (26.3 ± 9.2) compared to P (23.5 ± 9.4). In addition, the average peak and mean power performance for all four sets was significantly greater in S compared to P (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). No differences were observed between trials in subjective feelings of energy during either pre (p = 0.660) or post (p = 0.179) meaures. Similary, no differences between groups, in either pre or post assessments, were observed in subjective feelings of focus (p = 0.465 and p = 0.063, respectively), or fatigue (p = 0.204 and p = 0.518, respectively). Results suggest that acute ingestion of a high-energy supplement 10 minutes prior to the onset of a multi-joint resistance training session can augment training volume and increase power performance during the workout. Key pointsConsumption of a pre-workout energy supplement containing caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, creatine, β-alanine, and amino acids consumed 10 minutes prior to a bout of resistance exercise enhances the total number of repetitions performed during the exercise bout.Power outputs for each repetition during the workout were significantly greater when using the supplement compared to placebo.Ingestion of supplement did not have any significant effect on subjective measures of fatigue, energy and focus.

/pdf/effect-of-a-pre-workout-energy-supplement-on-acute-multi-40xllinpyd.pdf

Effect of a pre-workout energy supplement on acute multi-joint resistance exercise.

The aim of this study was to determine the effective and optimum dose of taurine for exercise performance and to maintain tissue taurine concentration. Rats received a respective daily dose of 0, 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg body weight of taurine (EC and ET-1, -2, -3 groups, respectively) for two weeks, and then, were subjected to treadmill until exhaustion. The running time to exhaustion was significantly prolonged by 25% and 50% in the ET-2 and -3 groups, respectively, compared to that in the EC group accompanied with maintenance of taurine tissue concentrations. Furthermore, the oxidative glutathione per total glutathione ratio in tissues was inhibited in the ET-2 and -3 groups whereas it was higher in the EC group than in both the no exercise and taurine-administered groups. Therefore the effective and optimal doses of oral taurine administration for two weeks on a transient exercise performance were between 100 and 500 mg/kg/day.

Optimal and effective oral dose of taurine to prolong exercise performance in rat.

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Optimal and effective oral dose of taurine to prolong exercise performance in rat.