Here are two books on a topic new to Technometrics: statistical and mathematical demography. The first author of Applied Mathematical Demography wrote the first two editions of this book alone. The second edition was published in 1985. Professor Keyfritz noted in the Preface (p. vii) that at age 90 he had no interest in doing another edition; however, the publisher encouraged him to find a coauthor. The result is an additional focus for the book in the world of biology that makes it much more relevant for the sciences. The book is now part of the publisher’s series on Statistics for Biology and Health. Much of it, of course, focuses on the many aspects of human populations. The new material focuses on mature population models, the particular focus of the new author (see, e.g., Caswell 2000). As one might expect from a book that was originally written in the 1970s, it does not include a lot of information on statistical computing. The new book by Alho and Spencer is focused on putting a better emphasis on statistics in the discipline of demography (Preface, p. vii). It is part of the publisher’s Series in Statistics. The authors are both statisticians, so the focus is on statistics as used for demographic problems. The authors are targeting human applications, so their perspective on science does not extend any further than epidemiology. The book actually strikes a good balance between statistical tools and demographic applications. The authors use the first two chapters to teach statisticians about the concepts of demography. The next four chapters are very similar to the statistics content found in introductory books on survival analysis, such as the recent book by Kleinbaum and Klein (2005), reported by Ziegel (2006). The next three chapters are focused on various aspects of forecasting demographic rates. The book concludes with chapters focusing on three areas of applications: errors in census numbers, financial applications, and small-area estimates.

Univariate Discrete Distributions

In the last decade, the development of more compact and lightweight radiation detection systems led to their application in handheld and small unmanned systems, particularly air-based platforms. Examples of improvements are: the use of silicon photomultiplier-based scintillators, new scintillating crystals, compact dual-mode detectors (gamma/neutron), data fusion, mobile sensor networks, cooperative detection and search. Gamma cameras and dual-particle cameras are increasingly being used for source location. This study reviews and discusses the research advancements in the field of gamma-ray and neutron measurements using mobile radiation detection systems since the Fukushima nuclear accident. Four scenarios are considered: radiological and nuclear accidents and emergencies; illicit traffic of special nuclear materials and radioactive materials; nuclear, accelerator, targets, and irradiation facilities; and naturally occurring radioactive materials monitoring-related activities. The work presented in this paper aims to: compile and review information on the radiation detection systems, contextual sensors and platforms used for each scenario; assess their advantages and limitations, looking prospectively to new research and challenges in the field; and support the decision making of national radioprotection agencies and response teams in respect to adequate detection system for each scenario. For that, an extensive literature review was conducted.

State-of-the-Art Mobile Radiation Detection Systems for Different Scenarios

Radioactive pollution detection plays a key role in nuclear technology application. In this paper, an array-type of nuclear pollution detection system is designed for the detection scenario of complex surfaces. Firstly, to get the three-dimensional point cloud of the surface, a complex surface was modeled based on the geometric ranging model of a two-dimensional laser profilometer and the motion model of a two-degree-of-freedom displacement platform. Secondly, an ‘S’ type scanning scheme of profilometer was developed to overcome the problem of limited scanning area of the profilometer. Thirdly, Euclidean distance weighted median filtering was used to solve the impulsive noise that may occur during the point cloud acquisition process. Finally, the 3D point cloud information of the complex surface was used for controlling the movement of the 6 × 6 array channel pollution detector to complete the α and β particle measurement tasks. A mechanical platform was constructed for experiments, the results are as follows. The working range of this system is from −5 cm to 5 cm in elevation difference of surfaces, and the accuracy is 12 μm in surface height measuring. It takes 26.13 s to perform a detection task including surface scanning and the detector moving, and scanning accuracy is 0.35 × 0.35 mm2. The maximum control error of the surface contamination detector is 0.4 mm. Specifically, the detection area of the system reaches 240 × 240 mm2. The results show that the system acquires three-dimensional terrain information, and realizes control over the movement of the pollution detector accurately and then completes the detection of α and β particles effectively.

An Array-Type System Applied to Complex Surfaces in Nuclear Pollution Detection

MODES SNM project is part of the European Union effort to promote research and innovation in strategic topics; it includes seven participants from five different countries. The project aimed to carry out technical research in order to develop a prototype for a mobile, modular detection system for radioactive sources and Special Nuclear Materials (SNM). The project’s main goal was to deliver a tested prototype of a modular mobile system capable of passively detecting weak or shielded radioactive sources with accuracy higher than that of currently available systems.

The R&D involved in the project aimed at designing, constructing and testing robust, safe, and lightweight high pressure cells with an advanced read-out system, to be used as
basic components of the modular mobile system. These innovative cells use 4He and Xe as scintillation materials, exploiting the potential of noble gases in the field of radiation detection. Furthermore, a patented technology enabled the simultaneous detection of fast and thermal neutrons in the same detector, providing additional information on the possible presence of shielding around neutron sources. The final detector configuration for MODES SNM prototype includes 8 4He fast neutron tubes, 2 4He thermal neutron tubes, 1 xenon gamma ray tube and 1 NaI(Tl) gamma ray crystal.

A suitable Information System has been developed at Universita degli Studi di Padova to manage the detectors, integrate and analyze the data, and provide to the user simple informations about the results of the inspections. The prototype was commissioned under laboratory conditions at NCBJ, a renowned European research establishment, then the detectors and the front-end electronics were mounted inside a van. Finally, a series of demonstrations took place in an on-field campaign driven by the end-user group established in the project.

Project MODES SNM concluded with full success on June 30th, 2014. Not only all the project milestones were achieved, but the prototype was completed on time and showed good performances. The technical requirements defined at the beginning of the project have been fulfilled, and during the demonstration tour the end users showed great appreciation to the final result of the work, to the satisfaction of all the Consortium partners. The project has been positively evaluated by EU officials, from the point of view of both the organization and the results. The prototype is now being developed at an industrial level by one of the project participants; an agreement has been signed with Universit`a di Padova for licensing the software written within the project.

Materials, instrumentation and techniques for the detection of Special Nuclear Material and Radioactive Sources: EU project MODES SNM

Abstract The unattended ore grading radioactivity measurement system is an important part of the digital uranium mine. However, with the promotion of the digitization of mines, the radioactivity measurement system for the truck checkpoint used to measure the grade of ore for hydrometallurgical process still maintains the backward processing method of offline measurement and manual recording. To improve the situation, an unattended ore grading measurement system using gamma detectors is developed. Through unattended identification, weighting and radioactivity measurement, the values of the grade of ore and the uranium content are calculated and uploaded automatically. The system has been put into practical use at a uranium mine in southern China in September 2021. Through the field use, the system can realize automatic measurement, reduce labor costs, and establish a production database, which lays the foundation for further application in the construction of digital mines on a large scale.

Design of an unattended ore grading measurement system in a uranium mine

MODES_SNM project aimed at developing a mobile/portable modular detection system for radioactive sources and Special Nuclear Material (SNM). Its main goal was to deliver a tested prototype capable of passively detecting weak or shielded radioactive sources with accuracy higher than that of currently available systems. By the end of the project all the objectives have been successfully achieved. Results from the laboratory commissioning and the field tests are presented in this publication.

Commissioning and Field Tests of a Van-Mounted System for the Detection of Radioactive Sources and Special Nuclear Material

/pdf/development-of-a-mobile-modular-system-for-the-detection-of-3sr26nnubm.pdf

Development of a mobile modular system for the detection of special nuclear material (MODES-SNM)

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Commissioning and Field Tests of a Van-Mounted System for the Detection of Radioactive Sources and Special Nuclear Material

Development of a mobile modular system for the detection of special nuclear material (MODES-SNM)