Increased Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from both natural and man-made systems contribute to climate change. In addition to reducing the use of crude petroleum’s derived fuels, and increasing tree-planting efforts and sustainable practices, air pollution can be minimized through phytoremediation. Bio-fuel from crops grown on marginal land can sustainably address climate change, global warming, and geopolitical issues. There are numerous methods for producing renewable energy from both organic and inorganic environmental resources (sunlight, air, water, tides, waves, and convective energy), and numerous technologies for doing the same with biomass with different properties and derived from different sources (food industry, agriculture, forestry). However, the production of bio-fuels is challenging and contentious in many parts of the world since it competes for soil with the growth of crops and may be harmful to the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to use wildlife management techniques to provide sustainable bio-energy while maintaining or even improving essential ecosystem processes. The second generation of bio-fuels is viewed as a solution to the serious issue. Agricultural lignocellulosic waste is the primary source of second-generation bio-fuel, possibly the bio-fuel of the future. Sustainable practices to grow biomass, followed by their holistic conversion into ethanol with desired yield and productivity, are the key concerns for employing renewable energy mix successfully. In this paper, we analyze the various types of bio-fuels, their sources, and their production and impact on sustainability.

/pdf/second-generation-bio-fuels-strategies-for-employing-jna7rx0j.pdf

Second-Generation Bio-Fuels: Strategies for Employing Degraded Land for Climate Change Mitigation Meeting United Nation-Sustainable Development Goals

Abstract The reduction in agricultural production due to the negative impact of insects and weeds, as well as the health and economic burden associated with vector-borne diseases, has promoted the wide use of chemicals that control these “enemies.” However, the use of these synthetic chemicals has been recognized to elicit negative impacts on the environment as well as the health and wellbeing of man. In this study, we presented an overview of recent updates on the environmental and health impacts of synthetic pesticides against agro-pest and disease vectors while exhaustive reviewing the potentials of natural plant products from Zanthoxylum species ( Rutaceae ) as sustainable alternatives. This study is expected to spur further research on exploiting these plants and their chemicals as safe and effective pesticide entities to minimize the impact of their chemical and synthetic counterparts on health and the environment. Graphical abstract 

/pdf/overhauling-the-ecotoxicological-impact-of-synthetic-1y6h2tpz.pdf

Overhauling the ecotoxicological impact of synthetic pesticides using plants’ natural products: a focus on Zanthoxylum metabolites

Background: The development of post-harvest equipment or machinery is vital for agricultural productivity. Bixin, a natural colourant derived from annatto seeds, is still separated manually, which may result in pigment loss. The engineering properties of annatto fruits and seeds must be analyzed in this note for the development of a mechanical seed separator. Methods: The fruits were collected from Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu. Engineering properties such as physical, gravimetric and frictional properties, colour and bixin content were determined for two dried annatto fruit and seed varieties (A1 and A2). The Z-test and t-test (p less than 0.05) were used to statistically analyze the data. Result: The morphological characteristics of annatto fruits A1 and A2 differed noticeably and significantly. The surface area and volume of the A1 fruit were higher. The fruit and seed were merely spherical and conical. The lowest static friction was observed for stainless steel in both fruit and seeds. The mean bixin content of the A1 and A2 seeds was 1.5±0.4% and 1.84±0.57%, respectively. These engineering properties will be used to design a mechanical separator without much loss of pigment.


Morphological Assessment of Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) Fruit and Seed for the Development of Mechanical Seed Separator

The term "allelopathy" refers to a biological process in which one organism produces biochemicals that impact another organism's growth, survival, and reproduction. Weeds pose a considerable risk to agricultural output because they prevent or stunt crop growth and development, resulting in substantial yield losses. Here, we examine the wide range of weeds in farming and other non-forested areas of Odisha's coastal districts. As many as 63 weed species, representing 31 families, were discovered here. The Asteraceae family has the most weed species (11), followed by the Euphorbiaceae family (9 species) and the Poaceae family (6 species). Amaranthaceae and Cucurbitaceae are also commonly found in the area of study. The data combing from the field with those from academic studies, this study improved our understanding of weeds. The paper also discusses the myriad ways natives have found to put weeds to good use. Many common weeds in the study area have long histories of use as a primary source of basic medical care. Most skin ailments, diarrhoea, jaundice, piles, and urinary problems treated with ethnomedicinal weeds are caused by parasites. Traditional cultures often used weeds in various ways, including food, animal feed, and medicine. Some plants have allelopathic impact in addition to their ethnomedical benefits. The authors of this paper present a complete and up-to-date inventory of the weed species detected in Odisha's coastal districts. It will be put to work protecting the region's unique plant and animal life. The allelopathic impacts on crops and the ethnobotanical uses of weeds have been uncovered through research. 

Study of medicinal and allelopathic effect of different weeds of Odisha, India

Assessment of seed and biochemical traits in neem germplasm for sustainable agriculture and industrial applications

Study on production of briquettes from two invasive forest weeds, i.e., Lantana camara and Prosopis juliflora was carried out. The experiments were carried out using a 70 mm industrial briquetting unit. The optimum moisture content for briquetting was found around 10–12%. Lantana camara and Prosopis juliflora biomass briquettes were found to have high density (1.1 g cm-3). In this study, fuel properties (proximate and ultimate analysis), combustion characteristics and ash elemental composition of Lantana camara and Prosopis juliflora biomass were investigated. Both the species are found to have less ash content. The emphasis was given to these species because of the huge biomass they produce. These species are widely present in different agro-climatic zones of India and can play a major role in future bioenergy schemes.

/pdf/suitability-of-invasive-species-for-briquette-production-1yx2a0ii.pdf

Suitability of invasive species for briquette production: Lantana camara and Prosopis juliflora

Bixa orellana L. is an economic tree native to the Neotropics. It is perennial in nature growing up to a height ranging from 2 to 8 m. Bixa orellana L. shows phenotypic variation in flower color, pod color, pod shape, height as well as girth. The tree gives a natural colorant called ‘Annatto’ that is second most demanded dye in the world. Selection of trees based on high pigment content becomes a must for this economic tree. Identification of phenotypic character for selection of trees with desirable pigment content was the aim of the study. It was found that cordate pods with green pericarp and maroon bristles gave the highest bixin content, although norbixin content was found to be similar in all pod shapes, cordate pods with maroon pericarp and bristles were advantageous. For selection for oil content conical pods with maroon pericarp and bristles were the most appropriate amongst all.

https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2022/vol11issue8/PartE/11-7-589-567.pdf

Pigment and oil content estimation in seeds of Bixa orellana L.

In this study the production of particleboard using two fast growing tree species viz., Eucalyptus tereticornis and Melia dubia and using Urea Formaldehyde as adhesive. This experiment was conducted in Centaury plywood industry, Chennai. The physical and mechanical properties of two tree species were assessed for the suitability of particleboard production. Based on the physical and mechanical properties of the wood, Particleboards were produced using Eucalyptus tereticornis (100%) and Melia dubia (100%) as raw material. Physical and Mechanical properties of both the particleboards were recorded. Particleboard using Eucalyptus tereticornis has recorded maximum density of 642 Kg/m3 with lower moisture content of 5.08%, observed minimum water in both 2hrs (18.26%) and 24hrs (51.45%) and also recorded minimum thickness swelling of 12.91%. In other hand Eucalyptus tereticornis based Particle board has Minimum Modulus of Rupture (MOR) of 12.30 N/mm2, minimum Screw withdrawal strength load of 1825Kg/m3 in face and 992 Kg/m3 in edge. Observed maximum Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of 2098 N/mm2 with more Internal Bonding of 0.36 N/mm2. From this study, results clearly showed that, both fast growing tree species having good physical and mechanical properties for the production of particleboard but compare with these two tree species Eucalyptus tereticornis is highly suitable for production of good quality particleboards. 

Suitability of Melia dubia and Eucalyptus tereticornis for Particleboard production

Floristic composition and structural analysis of flora in nilgiris biosphere reserve, western ghats of southern india

India is one of the largest Sambrani-producing countries. Sambrani, a globally traded product, is burnt for fragrance. According to Bordoloi & Sharma (2007) [5] approximately, a revenue of Rupees 7.1 billion comes from the total domestic sales of Sambrani. In India significantly, about two-thirds of the domestic usage of sambrani takes place in rural areas (61.23%). Elephant dung is rich in fiber content which makes it as a suitable raw material for manufacturing mosquito repellant and sambrani. Mosquitoes are the most vital carrier of viral diseases in the urban, suburban and rural environments. They are the primary carriers of dengue, malaria, and several other diseases that may even lead to pandemic. Hence, a eco-friendly sambrani and mosquito Repellent Formulation was designed using elephant dung. The burning ability such as initial burning, final burning, flammability, time interval and ash content were recorded for sambrani. Natural ingredients like Tulsi, Neem leaves, Lemon grass oil and Natural gum were used in combination with the elephant dung to reinforce the potency of the mosquito repellent. Smoke toxicity of organic mosquito repellent was evaluated. Emission test for commercial and formulated repellent was also carried out and compared, and it is evident that there is 57% reduction in the carbon-di-oxide emission from formulated repellent than commercial repellent and there are no traces of emission of carbon monoxide from the repellent. This formulation is safe, eco-friendly, cheap, easy to use, and has maximum repellence against mosquitoes. Production of these natural repellents with elephant dung may help to increase the livelihood security of rural poor/tribal people in Tamil Nadu.

Developing ecofriendly sambrani and mosquito repellent using elephant dung

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