Sensitive and fast detection of neutrons and gamma rays is vital for homeland security, high-energy physics, and proton therapy. Fast-neutron detectors rely on light organic scintillators, and γ-ray detectors use heavy inorganic scintillators and semiconductors. Efficient mixed-field detection using a single material is highly challenging due to their contradictory requirements. Here we report hybrid perovskites (C8H12N)2Pb(Br1−xClx)4 that combine light organic cations and heavy inorganic skeletons at a molecular level to achieve unprecedented performance for mixed-field radiation detection. High neutron absorption due to a high density of hydrogen, strong radiative recombination within the highly confined [PbX6]4− layer, and sub-nanometer distance between absorption sites and radiative centers, enable a light yield of 41 000 photons/MeV, detection pulse width of 2.97 ns and extraordinary linearity response toward both fast neutrons and γ-rays, outperforming commonly used fast-neutron scintillators. Neutron energy spectrum, time-of-flight based fast-neutron/γ-ray discrimination and neutron yield monitoring were all successfully achieved using (C8H12N)2Pb(Br0.95Cl0.05)4 detectors. We further demonstrate the monitoring of reaction kinetics and total power of a nuclear fusion reaction. We envision that molecular hybridized scintillators open a new avenue for mixed-field radiation detection and imaging. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/inf2.12325

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite scintillators for mixed field radiation detection

Experimental validation of an integrated modelling approach to neutron emission studies at JET

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Development of radiation sources for nuclear analysis beyond ITER bio-shield: SRC-UNED code

Design optimization of the closed-water activation loop at the JSI irradiation facility

ITER is the flagship fusion project, conceived as an experiment to select and develop the technologies for the first demonstration reactor, DEMO. Nuclear analysis is a core discipline in support of the design, commissioning and operation of the machine. To date, it has been conducted with increasingly detailed partial models, which represented toroidal segments of the tokamak. However, the limitations of this methodology became evident as estimates of quantities relevant to design, safety and operation showed unquantifiable uncertainties, which is a risk. Here, we present a detailed and realistic 360° MCNP model of the ITER tokamak called E-lite. We demonstrate the model’s usability and practicality. Two examples are used to illustrate qualitatively and quantitatively how it solves previously intractable problems with marked benefits for the future nuclear analysis of ITER, with applications to DEMO and future reactors. E-lite constitutes a milestone in the field of nuclear analysis in terms of realism in the evaluation of key quantities. The development of nuclear fusion reactors requires detailed nuclear analyses to ensure they run safely and effectively. These are currently typically done using partial models. Juarez et al. now present a complete 360° model of the ITER tokamak, which allows for more realistic and complete modelling of the system.

A full and heterogeneous model of the ITER tokamak for comprehensive nuclear analyses

A method for assessing 3D decay heat and temperature considering accurate distributions of the decay gamma fields

Integral modelling of the ITER cooling water systems radiation source for applications outside of the Bio-shield

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A full and heterogeneous model of the ITER tokamak for comprehensive nuclear analyses

A method for assessing 3D decay heat and temperature considering accurate distributions of the decay gamma fields

Integral modelling of the ITER cooling water systems radiation source for applications outside of the Bio-shield