We present an extension of the klystron simulation code TESLA to model multiple-beam klystrons (MBKs) in which interaction parameters may vary significantly from beam-tunnel to beam-tunnel. In earlier work, the single-beam code was applied to model the MBK by assuming that all electron beams and beam-tunnels were identical and all electron beams interacted identically with the fields of the resonant cavities, using averaged values of R/Q to represent interaction with each resonant cavity. To overcome the limitations of this approach and to take into account the effects from nonidentical beams and/or beam-tunnels, we have modified the code to use a parallel algorithm for multiple beams. The implementation of the parallel version of TESLA is based on the latest Fortran-95 version of the serial code and uses the message-passing interface library for communication. For testing and verification purposes, the new version of the code is applied to simulate an experimental four-cavity, eight-beam klystron amplifier, which was designed and successfully tested last year at the Naval Research Laboratory. The results of modeling using the new parallel TESLA and their comparison with experimental data are discussed in detail.

Parallel Simulation of Independent Beam-Tunnels in Multiple-Beam Klystrons Using TESLA

A strong candidate for the Standard Model Scalar boson, H(126), has been discovered by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments. In order to study this fundamental particle with unprecedented precision, and to perform precision tests of the closure of the Standard Model, we investigate the possibilities offered by An e+e- storage ring collider. We use a design inspired by the B-factories, taking into account the performance achieved at LEP2, and imposing a synchrotron radiation power limit of 100 MW. At the most relevant centre-of-mass energy of 240 GeV, near-constant luminosities of 10^34 cm^{-2}s^{-1} are possible in up to four collision points for a ring of 27km circumference. The achievable luminosity increases with the bending radius, and for 80km circumference, a luminosity of 5 10^34 cm^{-2}s^{-1} in four collision points appears feasible. Beamstrahlung becomes relevant at these high luminosities, leading to a design requirement of large momentum acceptance both in the accelerating system and in the optics. The larger machine could reach the top quark threshold, would yield luminosities per interaction point of 10^36 cm^{-2}s^{-1} at the Z pole (91 GeV) and 2 10^35 cm^{-2}s^{-1} at the W pair production threshold (80 GeV per beam). The energy spread is reduced in the larger ring with respect to what is was at LEP, giving confidence that beam polarization for energy calibration purposes should be available up to the W pair threshold. The capabilities in term of physics performance are outlined.

A High Luminosity e+e- Collider to study the Higgs Boson

/pdf/a-novel-idea-for-a-clic-937-mhz-50-mw-multibeam-klystron-3e2a1qubxf.pdf

A Novel Idea for a CLIC 937 MHZ 50 MW Multibeam Klystron

50 MW power sources at 937 MHz will be needed to accelerate the CLIC drive beams. We present a novel MBK concept with a large number of beamlets; this allows for small single beam perveance and high efficiency. The MBK features disc‐shaped RF circuits operated in a whispering‐gallery mode — a configuration permitting both high interaction impedance and easy spurious mode damping.

/pdf/clic-50-mw-l-band-multi-beam-klystron-1x6quvmak9.pdf

CLIC 50 MW L‐Band Multi‐Beam Klystron

Non-uniform emission studies of a magnetron injection gun

A 10 MW, 1.3 GHz multiple beam klystron (MBK) has been developed for the DESY X-FEL and International Linear Collider projects. The device uses six electron beams set off-axis on a large bolt circle which interact with a combination of higher-order-mode and conventional klystron cavities to efficiently produce high power RF. Extensive two and three dimensional simulations were used to design the device. Recent test results have validated the basic design concepts and procedure. Ten megawatts of peak and 150 kW of average power have been stably generated with 59% efficiency and 48 dB of gain.

/pdf/design-and-operation-of-a-high-power-l-band-multiple-beam-39mn6kdbi6.pdf

Design and Operation of a High Power L-Band Multiple Beam Klystron

A high-efficiency, Multiple-Beam Klystron (MBK), designated the VKL-8301, is being manufactured for the DESY Tera Electron volt Superconducting Linear Accelerator (TESLA) in Hamburg, Germany. There are a number of excellent reasons for using an MBK for this application. The primary reasons are reduced size and lower operating voltage with respect to the conventional, single beam counterparts. Once this decision has been made, the class of MBK must now be selected. MBKs can be divided into two categories: Fundamental Mode (FM) and Higher-order Mode (HM) devices, distinguished by the interaction mode of the cavity resonators. Each class has inherent advantages and disadvantages dependent upon end-user requirements. For the 10 MW, 1.3 GHz TESLA application the HM-MBK is the clear choice. The primary factor influencing this choice was operational life, since the accelerator will require approximately 600 MBKs. The advantage of the HM approach is low cathode loading. Our cathode loading design goal of 2 A/cm/sup 2/ or less has been achieved. For this application the HM-MBK cathode loading is a factor of four lower than competing FM-MBK designs and a factor of three lower than the SLAC 5045 design. The VKL-8301 will use six off-axis electron beams interacting with a combination of TM/sub 010/ and hybrid TM/sub 020/ cavities. These six beams are equally spaced on a diameter of approximately 25 centimeters. Because of the large beam-to-beam separation, individual high-area convergence guns can be utilized versus the single multi-emission-site gun used in FM-MBK's. This solution requires a sophisticated focusing system that is relatively difficult to realize, compounded by our use of confined-flow focusing. Newly developed, state-of-the-art three- dimensional electromagnetics codes have been used to design the novel electron-beam-focusing system and microwave cavity geometry. Modeling and simulation results will be presented, hardware will be shown, and a description of the FM- versus HM-MBK selection process will be discussed.

Development of a 10-MW, L-band, multiple-beam klystron for TESLA

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Design and Operation of a High Power L-Band Multiple Beam Klystron

Development of a 10-MW, L-band, multiple-beam klystron for TESLA