Radar systems have changed in a similar way to mobile communications. What once used to be expensive technology, restricted to a limited circle of users, has become accessible to anyone. Radar sensors have become cheaper, less power-consuming and can be found in many different applications, ranging from industrial automation to consumer products such as automobiles. Many of these applications also require communication capabilities, and given the similarities between the nature of wireless data transmission and radar – both emit and receive electromagnetic waves – it is an obvious question to ask if both components could be combined into a single device. Such a combined system would require less hardware, less power and allocate less spectrum – all of these characteristics being highly desirable in mass-produced technology. One solution for this is to use OFDM waveforms, which nowadays are commonly used in communications standards already. OFDM-based radar has been suggested several times independently in the last decade, but many important questions remain unanswered.

/pdf/ofdm-radar-algorithms-in-mobile-communication-networks-3pvm4hhldf.pdf

OFDM Radar Algorithms in Mobile Communication Networks

This paper is a first introduction to the concept of using global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) as illuminators of opportunity in a passive bistatic real-time radar system for maritime target indication applications. An overview of the system concept and the signal processing algorithms for moving target indication is provided. To verify the feasibility of the system implementation as well as test the developed signal processing algorithms, an experimental test bed was developed and the appropriate experimental campaign with the new Galileo satellites and a ferry as the target was carried out. The results confirm the system concept and its potential for multistatic operation, with the ferry being detected simultaneously by two satellites.

/pdf/maritime-moving-target-indication-using-passive-gnss-based-2hoi2rxho1.pdf

Maritime Moving Target Indication Using Passive GNSS-Based Bistatic Radar

This paper presents a description of recent research and development in HF passive bistatic radar (HFPBR) based on DRM digital AM broadcasting at Wuhan University, China First, preliminary evaluation of its detection performance with special focus on the hybrid sky-surface wave propagation mode is introduced Then, DRM broadcasting signal analysis as a radar waveform and associated signal processing techniques are described, consisting of ambiguity function analysis, reference signal extraction, multipath clutter rejection, and target localization Finally, the experimental system and experimental data analysis are provided Initial results from field experiments show that DRM-based HFPBR with hybrid sky-surface wave is a promising system for wide area moving target detection and ocean remote sensing

An Experimental Study of HF Passive Bistatic Radar Via Hybrid Sky-Surface Wave Mode

As recently demonstrated, passive radars are able to detect and track targets by exploiting illuminators of opportunity. In this paper, it will be proven that the same concept can be extended to passive inverse synthetic aperture radar (P-ISAR) imaging. A suitable type of signal processing is proposed that is able to form P-ISAR images starting from range-Doppler maps, which represent the output of passive-radar signal processing. Multiple-channel digital television broadcasting (DVB)-T signals are used to demonstrate the concept as they provide enough range resolution to form meaningful ISAR images. The problem of grating lobes, which are generated by the DVB-T signal, is also addressed and solved.

Passive ISAR With DVB-T Signals

This paper examines the potential in extracting the instantaneous location of maritime moving targets using a passive multistatic radar with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) as illuminators of opportunity and a single receiver. This paper presents a theoretical framework for the localization of a moving target from a set of bistatic range measurements. The algorithm and its predicted accuracy are presented. The localization is achieved by what is essentially a multilateration technique, which can be applied while the transmitting platform is also in motion. The algorithms and the accuracy predictions, as a function of the number of transmitters, have been experimentally confirmed via a dedicated experimental campaign, where two different maritime targets were detected by up to 12 GNSS satellites belonging to different satellite constellations (GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo) simultaneously. To the best of the author’s knowledge, these are the first results of their kind and on this scale not only for GNSS-based passive radar but also for multistatic radar in general.

/pdf/maritime-moving-target-localization-using-passive-gnss-based-20ej5xvw22.pdf

Maritime Moving Target Localization Using Passive GNSS-Based Multistatic Radar

Passive bistatic radar or passive coherent location is gaining interest in the radar community, as it provides some advantages with respect to active radar. Passive radar does not aim to replace active radar; it provides a good complement to it. The computational effort that is required to implement the required signal processing is one of the drawbacks that affect passive radars. In this paper, a suboptimal but computationally affordable detection algorithm is investigated that is applicable to arbitrary waveforms (different types of illuminators of opportunity). First, a detailed mathematical formulation of the proposed suboptimum algorithm is derived. A theoretical performance analysis is then provided based on a comparison of the proposed with the optimum two-dimensional matched filter. Finally, simulated and real data are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and to validate the theoretical performance analysis.

/pdf/batches-algorithm-for-passive-radar-a-theoretical-analysis-3gs9vq4top.pdf

Batches algorithm for passive radar: a theoretical analysis

The exploitation of multiple DVB-T channels for a passive radar system has been considered to enhance the radar range resolution. A preliminary study has focused on the AF analysis to verify the suitability of a multichannel DVB-T signal for radar applications. The theoretical study has been supported by preliminary measurements relative to three adjacent DVB-T channels. Experimental results in an aerial scenario through the use of SDR hardware have been carried out and showed a clear improvement in range resolution when using multichannel rather than single channel DVB-T signals. It may be proven in the near future that target classification of noncooperative target radar imaging will be enabled by a high resolution DVB-T passive radar that is obtained by exploiting multichannel DVB-T signals.

High range resolution multichannel DVB-T passive radar

A method for improving the range resolution in passive radar systems is to jointly use more than one transmission channel of the same Illuminator of Opportunity (IO). This paper specifically focuses on the exploitation of three adjacent Digital Video Broadcasting — Terrestrial (DVB-T) channels for achieving high range resolution profiles with a passive radar system operating in air surveillance scenarios. Firstly, an analysis of the ambiguity function obtained from a multichannel DVB-T source is presented. Afterwards, the experimental scenario is defined and a preliminary detection result on aerial targets is shown.

High range resolution multichannel DVB-T passive radar: Aerial target detection

The purpose of the paper is to show how the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) technology, typically used for implementing telecommunication systems, can be used for realizing passive radars. Specifically in this paper a multiband passive radar is considered. A preliminary study on the signals of opportunity is presented where real and simulated radar ambiguity functions have been evaluated. An experimental system has been set up and live data acquired both for UMTS and DVB-T signals in order to verify the capability of the proposed passive radar demonstrator.

USRP technology for multiband passive radar

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Papers

Batches algorithm for passive radar: a theoretical analysis

High range resolution multichannel DVB-T passive radar

High range resolution multichannel DVB-T passive radar: Aerial target detection

USRP technology for multiband passive radar

USRP technology for multiband passive radar