Environmental pollution has been on the rise in the past few decades owing to increased human activities on energy reservoirs, unsafe agricultural practices and rapid industrialization. Amongst the pollutants that are of environmental and public health concerns due to their toxicities are: heavy metals, nuclear wastes, pesticides, green house gases, and hydrocarbons. Remediation of polluted sites using microbial process (bioremediation) has proven effective and reliable due to its eco-friendly features. Bioremediation can either be carried out ex situ or in situ, depending on several factors, which include but not limited to cost, site characteristics, type and concentration of pollutants. Generally, ex situ techniques apparently are more expensive compared to in situ techniques as a result of additional cost attributable to excavation. However, cost of on-site installation of equipment, and inability to effectively visualize and control the subsurface of polluted sites are of major concerns when carrying out in situ bioremediation. Therefore, choosing appropriate bioremediation technique, which will effectively reduce pollutant concentrations to an innocuous state, is crucial for a successful bioremediation project. Furthermore, the two major approaches to enhance bioremediation are biostimulation and bioaugmentation provided that environmental factors, which determine the success of bioremediation, are maintained at optimal range. This review provides more insight into the two major bioremediation techniques, their principles, advantages, limitations and prospects.

/pdf/bioremediation-techniques-classification-based-on-site-of-1qv5gkq5ia.pdf

Bioremediation techniques–classification based on site of application: principles, advantages, limitations and prospects

The past decade has seen a boom in environmental adsorption studies on the adsorptive removal of pollutants from the aqueous phase. A large majority of works treat kinetic modeling as a mere routine to describe the macroscopic trend of adsorptive uptake by using common models, often without careful appraisal of the characteristics and validity of the models. This review compiles common kinetic models and discusses their origins, features, modified versions (if any), and applicability with regard to liquid adsorption modeling for both batch adsorption and dynamic adsorption systems. Indiscriminate applications, ambiguities, and controversies are highlighted and clarified. The appropriateness of linear regression for correlating kinetic data is discussed. This review concludes with a note on the current scenario and the future of kinetics modeling of liquid adsorption.

Insight into the adsorption kinetics models for the removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions

The recent literature describing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, water, soil and sediment, waste sludge, biomonitoring, toxicity, are reviewed. Aspects of sampling, sample preparati...

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) removal by sorption: A review

Bioremediation refers to cost-effective and environment-friendly method for converting the toxic, recalcitrant pollutants into environmentally benign products through the action of various biological treatments. Fungi play a major role in bioremediation owing to their robust morphology and diverse metabolic capacity. The review focuses on different fungal groups from a variety of habitats with their role in bioremediation of different toxic and recalcitrant compounds; persistent organic pollutants, textile dyes, effluents from textile, bleached kraft pulp, leather tanning industries, petroleum, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and pesticides. Bioremediation of toxic organics by fungi is the most sustainable and green route for cleanup of contaminated sites and we discuss the multiple modes employed by fungi for detoxification of different toxic and recalcitrant compounds including prominent fungal enzymes viz., catalases, laccases, peroxidases and cyrochrome P450 monooxygeneses. We have also discussed the recent advances in enzyme engineering and genomics and research being carried out to trace the less understood bioremediation pathways.

/pdf/diverse-metabolic-capacities-of-fungi-for-bioremediation-2nvgjwajsk.pdf

Diverse Metabolic Capacities of Fungi for Bioremediation.

Box-Behnken methodology for Cr (VI) and leather dyes removal by an eco-friendly biosorbent: F. vesiculosus.

Assessment of sepiolite as a low-cost adsorbent for phenanthrene and pyrene removal: Kinetic and equilibrium studies

https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/25468/1/pp.pdf

Development of permeable reactive biobarrier for the removal of PAHs by Trichoderma longibrachiatum.

In the last years, the presence of pesticides in aquatic environments has increased mainly as a result of the intensification of agricultural activities. Among the different techniques that can be used to remove these contaminants, the adsorption process can disclose as an appropriate treatment. In this work, chestnut shells were evaluated as a low-cost biosorbent for the pesticides pirimicarb, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiamethoxam, widely used in agricultural activities. Furthermore, economic acid pretreatments were evaluated in order to increase the removal efficiency. The highest removal was obtained when chestnut shells were pretreated with citric acid, increasing a 15% of adsorption capacity in comparison to raw chestnut shells. Scanning electron microscopy images, energy disperse spectroscopy analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Boehm method were performed in order to characterize the biosorbent. The new biosorbent was analysed in deep by kinetic and isotherm studies. The values of the correlation coefficients and standard error of estimate indicated that the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order model fitted well to the experimental data. In addition, the biosorbent showed a good behaviour working in continuous mode. The reported results open a new alternative for the restoration of polluted aquatic environments through the application of this new low-cost biosorbent developed.

Chestnut shells to mitigate pesticide contamination

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are significant environmental contaminants as they are present naturally as well as anthropogenically in soil, air and water. In spite of their low solubility, PAHs are spread to the environment, and they are present in surface water, industrial effluent or groundwater. Amongst all remediation technologies for treating groundwater contaminated with PAHs, the use of a permeable reactive biobarrier (PRBB) appears to be the most cost-effective, energy efficient, and environmentally sound approach. In this technology, the microorganisms are used as reactive medium to degrade or stabilize the contaminants. The main limits of this approach are that the microorganisms or consortium used for forming the PRBB should show adequate characteristics. They must be retained in the barrier-forming biofilm, and they should also have degradative ability for the target pollutants. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the viability of Arthrobacter viscosus as bioreactive medium for forming PRBB. Initially, the ability of A. viscosus to remove PAHs, benzo[a]anthracene 100 μM and phenanthrene 100 μM was evaluated operating in a batch bench-scale bioreactor. In both cases, total benzo[a]anthracene and phenanthrene removals were obtained after 7 and 3 days, respectively. Furthermore, the viability of the microorganisms was evaluated in the presence of chromium in a continuous mode. As a final point, the adhesion of A. viscosus to sepiolite forming a bioreactive material to build PRBB was demonstrated. In view of the attained results, it can be concluded that A. viscosus could be a suitable microorganism to form a bioreactive medium for PAHs remediation.

/pdf/assessment-of-arthrobacter-viscosus-as-reactive-medium-for-3k7hw3ajnm.pdf

Assessment of Arthrobacter viscosus as reactive medium for forming permeable reactive biobarrier applied to PAHs remediation

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