Bowel preparation before colonoscopy.

A consensus document on bowel preparation before colonoscopy: Prepared by a Task Force From The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE), and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES)

Colonoscopy is the most commonly used technique for inspection of the colonic mucosa. The safety and effectiveness of colonoscopy in identifying important colonic pathology is directly impacted by the quality of the bowel preparation performed in anticipation of the procedure. Physicians favor preparations associated with the best patient compliance to achieve the best results. Patients favor preparations that are low in volume, palatable, have easy to complete regimens, and are reimbursed by health insurance or are inexpensive. Both patients and physicians favor preparations that are safe to administer in light of existing comorbid conditions and those that will not interact with previously prescribed medications. Aqueous NaP solutions, NaP tablets, and PEG solutions, especially low-volume solutions, are all accepted and well tolerated by the majority of patients undergoing bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Physicians are advised to select a preparation for each patient based on the safety profile of the agent, NaP or PEG, in light of the overall health of the patient, their comorbid conditions, and currently prescribed medications. In certain circumstances, such as bowel preparation in children and some elderly patients, patients with renal insufficiency, and those with hypertension who are receiving ACE inhibitors or ARBs, it may be advisable to adhere to PEG-based solutions because of the risks of occult physiologic disturbances that may potentially contraindicate the use of NaP-based regimens. A variety of other preparations, none of which seem as popular because of inferior efficacy and/or patient acceptance, remain available for use in other circumstances in which bowel preparation is necessary. Many adjuncts to bowel preparation have been proposed but remain largely inefficacious and therefore cannot be recommended for routine use.

A consensus document on bowel preparation before colonoscopy: prepared by a task force from the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE), and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES).

Objective: To explore the distinction between true clinical constipation and the subjective complaint of constipation in elderly people and to review the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, causes, and treatment.

Data Sources: A computer-assisted and manual search of the English language literature using MEDLINE 1966–1991, Index Medicus 1988–1992, reference lists of selected articles, and relevant textbooks.

Study Selection: Studies that provide information on lower bowel function and laxative and enema use in the elderly subjects were reviewed. Article selection was not limited by study design.

Data Extraction: Relevant data were abstracted from the results of physiological, cohort and case-control studies, and clinical trials. The text discusses the methodological strengths and flaws of these studies and excludes management approaches formulated from uncontrolled clinical observation.

Results of Data Synthesis: Constipation of the elderly is not well defined in the current literature. Self-reported constipation and laxative use increase with age, while a similar escalation in true clinical constipation is not shown. Physiological changes in the lower bowel predisposing toward constipation do not occur with normal aging. Patient selection criteria for studies examining the pathophysiology of constipation differ in their definition of constipation and their inclusion of coexisting chronic illness. Nevertheless, there is consistent evidence for prolonged transit through the sigmoid colon and rectum, especially in frail elderly patients, and reduced rectal tone with impaired sensation, particularly in patients with rectal impaction. Few studies rigorously examine “risk factors” and non-pharmacological interventions in constipation. The results of most laxative trials require cautious interpretation because of inclusion of patients without diagnostically proven constipation, use of combined laxative preparations, and unreliable outcome measures. Certain laxative agents however appear more appropriate for use in elderly people.

Conclusion: Although the subjective complaint of constipation and habitual laxative use increase with age, the epidemiological data suggest that true clinical constipation does not. Physiological changes predisposing toward constipation are not an inevitable consequence of aging, but appear to be specific to the condition. The available data do not confirm many suspected “risk factors” nor the benefits of commonly used non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments, but they do provide enough information to formulate a practical approach to constipation in elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 41:1130–1140, 1993

Constipation in the Elderly

"Golytely", a lavage solution for colonoscopic preparation, has been in clinical use since 1980. Patients usually drink all the fluid (4-61 "Golytely") the morning before colonoscopy. However, clinical observation shows that many, especially elderly, patients have difficulty tolerating these large volumes. We therefore compared two methods of drinking "Golytely" in 36 patients: One group of 18 patients underwent a two-stage lavage preparation (in the evening and the following morning before the examination), the other group drank all the fluid in the early morning before colonoscopy. Patients tolerated the two-stage method significantly better-in terms of nausea (p less than 0.05) and their willingness to repeat the procedure (p less than 0.001). In both groups the bowel was equally clean and the amount of fluid required for preparation did not differ. We conclude that this new method of drinking "Golytely" is far more convenient for the patient and does not reduce the effectiveness of bowel preparation.

Fractional cleansing of the large bowel with "Golytely" for colonoscopic preparation: a controlled trial.

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Fractional cleansing of the large bowel with "Golytely" for colonoscopic preparation: a controlled trial.