The nucleus is one of the most multifaceted many-body systems in the Universe. It exhibits a multitude of responses depending on the way one ''probes'' it. With increasing technical advancements of beams at the various accelerators and of detection systems the nucleus has, over and over again, surprised us by expressing always new ways of ''organized'' structures and layers of complexity. Nuclear magnetism is one of those fascinating faces of the atomic nucleus discussed in the present review. We shall not just limit ourselves to presenting the by now large data set that has been obtained in the past two decades using various probes, electromagnetic and hadronic alike and that presents ample evidence for a low-lying orbital scissors mode around 3 MeV, albeit fragmented over an energy interval of the order of 1.5 MeV, and higher-lying spin-flip strength in the energy region 5-9 MeV in deformed nuclei nor to the presently discovered evidence for low-lying proton-neutron isovector quadrupole excitations in spherical nuclei. To the contrary, the experimental evidence is put in the perspectives of understanding the atomic nucleus and its various structures of well-organized modes of motion and thus enlarges the discussion to more general fermion and bosonic many-body systems.

/pdf/magnetic-dipole-excitations-in-nuclei-elementary-modes-of-1lz9bk3at0.pdf

Magnetic dipole excitations in nuclei: Elementary modes of nucleonic motion

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 68

/pdf/an-experimental-view-on-shape-coexistence-in-nuclei-3ia9nv9j.pdf

An experimental view on shape coexistence in nuclei

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 140

http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/128885/1/Lifetime0001.pdf

Lifetime measurements of the first 2+ states in 104,106Zr: Evolution of ground-state deformations

Using the transient field technique, the magnetic moments of the second excited ${2}^{+}$ states in $^{92,94}\mathrm{Zr}$ have been measured for the first time The large positive $g$ factors, $g({2}_{2}^{+};{}^{92}\mathrm{Zr})=+076(50)$ and $g({2}_{2}^{+};{}^{94}\mathrm{Zr})=+088(27)$, which are in contrast to the known negative $g$ factors of the ${2}_{1}^{+}$ states, are found to be a consequence of weak proton-neutron coupling combined with the $Z=40$ subshell closure From their large $M1$ transition strengths to the ${2}_{1}^{+}$ states, in earlier works an assignment to the ${2}_{2}^{+}$ states as proton-neutron symmetric and mixed-symmetry states has been made, which are now found to be polarized in their proton-neutron content This fact allows to identify the underlying microscopic main configurations in the wave functions, which form the building blocks of symmetric and mixed-symmetry states in this region as valence nucleons are added and shell structure changes

Evidence for the microscopic formation of mixed-symmetry states from magnetic moment measurements

The nucleus $^{140}\mathrm{Nd}$ was investigated using $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence and angular-correlation techniques following the $\ensuremath{\epsilon}/{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ decay of $^{140}\mathrm{Sm}$ and $^{140}\mathrm{Pr}$. Spins, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-decay intensities, and $E2/M1$ mixing ratios were extracted from the data. The ${2}_{3}^{+}$ and ${2}_{4}^{+}$ states were identified as possible mixed-symmetry states, based on mixing ratios obtained for observed decays to the ${2}_{1}^{+}$ state. The relationship between the decay pattern of these two candidate states and underlying shell structure in this mass region is discussed.

Candidates for low-lying mixed-symmetry states in 140 Nd

In two recent papers a negative g factor was reported for the 4{sub 1}{sup +} state in {sup 68}Zn. The negative sign is unexpected. It is not consistent with the systematics of g factors in the neighboring Zn and Ge isotopes and could not be explained by shell-model calculations even when significant contributions of the 0g{sub 9/2} neutrons were included. Therefore, an independent g factor measurement was performed, using {sup 68}Zn projectiles which were accelerated to a higher energy in order to obtain a higher yield for the 4{sub 1}{sup +} state. The new measurement yielded a positive g factor, g(4{sub 1}{sup +})=+0.6(3), which agrees with the results of full fp spherical shell model calculations, as well as with Z/A, the collective model prediction.

Sign of the g factor of the 41+ state in Zn68

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Evidence for the microscopic formation of mixed-symmetry states from magnetic moment measurements

Candidates for low-lying mixed-symmetry states in 140 Nd

Sign of the g factor of the 41+ state in Zn68