Introduction to forest genetics.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of essential oils have previously been extensively reviewed. The mechanisms of action of essential oils have not been clearly identified but they seem to be related with their hydrophobic nature. Applying these natural compounds in the food industry could be a potential alternative, but its application costs and other problems, such as their intense aroma and potential toxicity, limit their use in the area of food preservation. An interesting strategy to reduce doses of essential oils while maintaining their effectiveness could be the incorporation of these natural compounds into edible/biodegradable films. This review discusses the use of essential oils as natural antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds to obtain bioactive films or coatings. The advantages and limitations are also reviewed.

https://www.utm.mx/postgrado/MCPNyAl/Evaluacion2014/C1-Estructura%20y%20personal%20academico/1.2%20Proceso%20de%20ensenianza-aprendizaje/1.2.2%20Evaluacion%20del%20desempenio%20academico/Procesadodealimentos/Articulos/fer-2011-1.pdf

Use of Essential Oils in Bioactive Edible Coatings: A Review

A.i. in europe.

Antibacterial surfaces developed from bio-inspired approaches.

Forests of Iran

Effects drying and harvest season on the essential oil composition from foliage and berries of Juniperus excelsa

Morphological variation in leaf traits of Populus euphratica Oliv. natural populations

Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is a widespread monoecious and wind-pollinated tree species. It is one of the major components of the Hyrcanian forests of Iran and it is of both ecological and economical importance. Twelve beech stands were surveyed at 9 chloroplast (cp) and 6 nuclear (n) polymorphic microsatellite loci (simple sequence repeats, SSR) to provide information on distribution of genetic diversity within and among populations and on gene conservation and silvicultural management of this species. High levels of genetic differentiation were detected for the chloroplast genome (FST = 0.80 and RST = 0.95), in sharp contrast to the nuclear genome (FST = 0.06, RST = 0.05). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 48% of the total cpSSR variation was attributable to differences among regions and 30% to differences among populations within regions, suggesting multiple origins of beech populations in Hyrcanian forests. Nuclear SSRs confirmed the presence of significant differentiation among populations and among geographic regions, even if, as expected, this was less pronounced than that found with cpSSRs (based on AMOVA, differences among regions and among populations within regions each contribute 5% to total nSSR variance). A highly significant correlation between genetic (nSSRs) and geographic distances (R2 = 0.522) was estimated, thus showing an isolation by distance effect. The application of spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) using both marker data allowed identification of genetically homogeneous groups of populations. Possible applications of these results for the certification of provenances and/or seed lots and for designing conservation programs are presented and discussed.

Genetic diversity and differentiation of Fagus orientalis Lipsky in Hyrcanian forests revealed by nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers

Nuclear simple sequence repeats (nSSRs), together with 16 different enzyme loci, were used to analyze genetic diversity and differentiation among beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) populations along two altitudinal gradients in Hyrcanian forests of Iran. Both enzymes and nSSR analyses revealed a high level of genetic diversity in natural populations of F. orientalis. The genetic diversity, estimated by expected heterozygosity, was 0.19 (by enzymes) and 0.65 (by nSSRs). Genetic variation across both markers did not reveal genetic structuring along altitudinal transects. There was less genetic variation among altitudinal gradients within transects compared to transect sites. Differentiation assays and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that there was a relatively low genetic differentiation among populations, and just 1% and 5% of the genetic variation occurred among populations by nSSR and enzyme data, respectively. Mantel tests showed that there was not a significant correlation between the genetic distances among populations and the distance of elevation. The results of the present study indicate that the relatively low genetic differentiation among F. orientalis populations at different elevations was not caused by ecological factors. These patterns suggest that higher rates of gene flow along altitudinal gradients within transects, than between transects; a process that could question altitudinal adaptation.

http://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7139_d789cb94348de2f641d0827763e29672.pdf

Altitudinal genetic variations among the Fagus orientalis Lipsky populations in Iran

Genetic differentiation between co-occurring crops and their wild relatives will be greatly modified by crop-to-weed gene flow and variation between human and natural selective pressures. In this paper, the pattern of population differentiation within and among the wild and cultivated populations of Agropyron desertorum in Iran, with respect to both total protein profiles and phenotypic traits, is measured and compared. A total of 180 A. desertorum individuals from 14 wild and four cultivated populations were included in the study. The levels of genetic diversity in cultivated populations were similar to those in wild populations (mean percentage of polymorphic loci [PPL] = 53.26% versus PPL=51.66%, and mean expected heterozygosity [He] = 0.154 versus He=0.165). Neighbour-joining cluster analysis showed that wild populations and cultivated populations were not separated into two groups. The coefficient of genetic differentiation (Fst) between a cultivar and its wild progenitor was 0.060. For the ...

Genetic variation among wild and cultivated Agropyron desertorum populations based on total protein profiles and phenotypic traits

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