Activated carbon is a porous material that has been in many important ages of the human history. Lignocellulosic precursors and biomass sources have become important materials to produce it because their use produces many benefits, mainly environmental. Nowadays, it is possible to find numerous research papers devoted to the synthesis characterization and applications of novel precursors to produce activated carbon. Hence, special attention must be given to the relationship among the selected precursor characteristics, the final microstructure and properties of carbon. The present work provides a summary of research works outlining the use of lignocellulosic–based precursors to obtain activated carbons. A brief description of the characterization techniques for both, the precursors and activated carbons, comprising: physicochemical, micro/nanostructural, surface chemistry, textural and adsorption capacity features is presented. Finally, the application of these materials in adsorption of heavy metals, dyes, volatile organic compounds, gas storage and electrochemical capacitors is also included.

Activated carbon from lignocellulosics precursors: a review of the synthesis methods, characterization techniques and applications.

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The aim of this work is to study the properties of an activated carbon prepared from apricot stones by carbonisation for 1 h at 700 °C and chemical activation with a mixture of H3PO4 + HNO3 and compared to a commercial activated carbon. The adsorbent materials were characterised with FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM/EDX and surface chemistry. The maximum uptake of MB and MO onto the ASAC and CAC under optimised conditions was determined to be 99.5%. The absorption processes of MB and MO by ASAC and CAC were endothermic and exothermic, respectively. Acidic conditions promote the transfer of anionic dye (MO) molecules onto the ASAC and CAC surface by electrostatic attraction. The adsorbents were better able to remove the cationic dye than the anionic dye. The competitive adsorption of dyes favoured the MB on ASAC and CAC in the mixture solution. The Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second order kinetic model were observed to fit the adsorption data well. The mechanism of the adsorption process was determined based on an intraparticle diffusion model. The results of this study will be useful for future scale-up using this apricot stone material as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of cationic and anionic dyes.

Adsorption of dyes on activated carbon prepared from apricot stones and commercial activated carbon

http://ir.lib.cyut.edu.tw:8080/bitstream/310901800/7796/1/Activated+carbon+from+Ceiba+pentandra+hulls%2C+an+agricultural+waste%2C+as+an+adsorbant+in+the+removal+of+lead+and+zinc+from+aqueous+solutions..pdf

Activated carbon from Ceiba pentandra hulls, an agricultural waste, as an adsorbent in the removal of lead and zinc from aqueous solutions

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Activated carbon from Ceiba pentandra hulls, an agricultural waste, as an adsorbent in the removal of lead and zinc from aqueous solutions