Structure and interpretation of computer programs

Visualization in Medicine is the first book on visualization and its application to problems in medical diagnosis, education, and treatment. The book describes the algorithms, the applications and their validation (how reliable are the results?), and the clinical evaluation of the applications (are the techniques useful?). It discusses visualization techniques from research literature as well as the compromises required to solve practical clinical problems. 

The book covers image acquisition, image analysis, and interaction techniques designed to explore and analyze the data. The final chapter shows how visualization is used for planning liver surgery, one of the most demanding surgical disciplines. The book is based on several years of the authors' teaching and research experience. Both authors have initiated and lead a variety of interdisciplinary projects involving computer scientists and medical doctors, primarily radiologists and surgeons.

* A core field of visualization and graphics missing a dedicated book until now
* Written by pioneers in the field and illustrated in full color
* Covers theory as well as practice

Visualization in Medicine: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications

Disclosed are methods and apparatus for prioritization of transform domain coefficient data representing sources such as, but not limited to, single images and images in motion, so as to produce a data rate not exceeding the capacity of the transmission channel used in transmitting the data to a receiver and to simultaneously minimize the perceived distortion when the image is reconstructed at the receiver. One disclosed aspect relates in particular to transmission of Pyramid Transform coefficients from a single image over a fixed data rate transmission channel. In effect a sequence of multiple image reconstructions is performed at the receiver during the time period required for the transmission of all of the coefficient data representing the image. The reconstructed image gradually increases in detail. Another disclosed aspect relates to the transmission of transform domain coefficients for an image which is undergoing change with time, and applies to any transform for which transform domain coefficients can be organized in a hierarchial manner in multiple bands, regardless of the manner in which the transform process actually proceeds. Identical transform coefficient models are maintained at both the transmitter and the receiver. The transmitter identifies transform coefficient changes necessary to cause a transform coefficient model to completely represent the most current image, prioritizes the change data, and selects a subset of said change data consistent with the limitation of a fixed rate transmission channel. Advantageous mapping and signalling techniques are disclosed for maintaining the coefficient models and for efficiently signalling the changes.

Priority coding of transform coefficients

A review on biomedical image processing and future trends.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced image data (perfusion data) are used to characterize regional tissue perfusion. Perfusion data consist of a sequence of images, acquired after a contrast agent bolus is applied. Perfusion data are used for diagnostic purposes in oncology, ischemic stroke assessment or myocardial ischemia. The diagnostic evaluation of perfusion data is challenging, since the data is complex and exhibits various artifacts, e.g., motion artifacts. We provide an overview on existing methods to analyze, and visualize CT and MR perfusion data. The integrated visualization of several 2D parameter maps, the 3D visualization of parameter volumes and exploration techniques are discussed. An essential aspect in the diagnosis of perfusion data is the correlation between perfusion data and derived time-intensity curves as well as with other image data, in particular with high resolution morphologic image data. We discuss visualization support with respect to the three major application areas: ischemic stroke diagnosis, breast tumor diagnosis and the diagnosis of coronary heart disease.

/pdf/survey-of-the-visual-exploration-and-analysis-of-perfusion-84o5j9fnsb.pdf

Survey of the Visual Exploration and Analysis of Perfusion Data

The method of functional imaging is applied to x-ray angiograms. Functional images are generated by inserting at each point of an x-ray image a computed grey or colour value proportional to a dynamic parameter (such as blood velocity) instead of the recorded x-ray absorption value. For this purpose a new system for angiographic image processing has been developed. First results show that the method which we have called Computer Angiography is a tool to extract more information about the blood dynamics in organs in an easier and faster way than with the conventional angiographic technique.

Computer angiography: a new tool for x-ray functional diagnostics.

A new computer-aided x-ray technique is presented which, unlike conventional cine- or video-densitometry, allows a high-resolution quantitative display of the parameters of renal blood flow as so-called 'functional images'. The parameters include blood flow velocity and local perfusion of the kidney. This technique, which we call computer angiography, has decisive advantages; the functional images provide more, and more rapid, information on renal blood flow dynamics than can be obtained by the qualitative evaluation of a series of pictures. The clinical relevance of computer angiography is illustrated by a nephrotic syndrome, polycystic disease and a hypernephroma.

[Measurement and differential demonstration of renal blood flow by computer angiography (author's transl)].

It has been shown that perception of the information in angiographic images can be decisively improved through digital image processing1. The application of one such technique, the method of parametric or functional imaging, to studies of the kidney, liver, brain, the heart and other organs has been demonstrated by our group in previous publications2,3,4 First used in nuclear medicines, the fundamental idea of functional imaging is to replace a temporal sequence of images with a single static image which displays a certain aspect of the temporal change. The advantage of the method is two-fold: Often important intensity changes with a striking time structure are hard to perceive directly from the image sequence because the amplitude of the intensity variation is small. Also the human visual system is very well suited to the assessment of static images, but has difficulties in quantifying temporal changes. Parametric image processing thus yields images which enhance certain aspects of temporal change. This paper attempts to summarise the parameters found to be most useful in a variety of clinical applications.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

X-Ray Functional Imaging--evaluation Of The Properties Of Different Parameters

While digital techniques in radiology develop rapidly, problems arise with archival storage and communication of image data. This paper reports on experiments concerning data reduction of digital image sequences of the heart and the brain. The time‐intensity curves corresponding to every picture element are subjected to the Fourier transform and reconstructed from a number of coefficients smaller than the original number of images. The reconstruction error is assessed by visual inspection and by determining the mean‐square deviation of the original and the reconstructed curve. It is shown that compression factors between 5 and 10 may be achieved without loss of diagnostic information. It is furthermore demonstrated that storage of the images in the form of Fourier coefficients leads to advantages in fast retrieval, enhancement of morphology, and possibility of further quantitative analysis.

Data compression in digital angiography using the Fourier transform.

Picture archiving and communication by computers needs not only support by the appropriate hardware, but also requires sophisticated software structures, if the needs of a clinical user are to be met in a consistent and flexible way. In the system CA/1 the problem oriented language PROFI-ll is used to implement the necessary structures for data management and communication with the user. This paper gives a short description of the system CA/l, the language PROFI-ll, the implemented data and communication structures and as an example its application for analysis and management of image sequences in digital radiography.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Image Management In The System CA/1

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