The durability of a rock when exposed to decay agents is an important criterion when assessing its quality as a building material. Our study focuses on six varieties of natural stone (two limestones, one dolostone, one travertine and two sandstones) that are widely used in both new and historical buildings. In order to assess their quality, we measured and characterized their dynamic elastic properties using ultrasounds, we measured their compressive strength using the uniaxial compression test and we evaluated their durability by means of accelerated aging tests (freeze-thaw and salt crystallization). In order to get a full picture of the decay suffered by the different stones, we determined the composition and amount of the clay fraction of the six stones. We also observed small fragments subjected to the salt crystallization test under an environmental scanning electron microscope to study any textural change and measured the changes of colour on the surface with a spectrophotometer. Finally, we analysed the pore system of the stones before and after their deterioration using mercury injection porosimetry. We then compared the results for the different stones and found that dolostone obtained the best results, while the two limestones proved to be the least durable and had the lowest compressive strength.

/pdf/evaluation-of-stone-durability-using-a-combination-of-435mr7o01v.pdf

Evaluation of stone durability using a combination of ultrasound, mechanical and accelerated aging tests

Composition and porosity study of original and restoration materials included in a coastal historical construction

The Turkish travertine is widely used in the domestic and foreign construction industry as slabs and tiles. In this study, the travertine samples were obtained from four different quarries located in the part of southwestern Turkey. Mineralogical and petrographic properties of the travertine rocks were studied using a polarizing optical microscope and SEM. The laboratory tests (mechanical and physical properties, capillary water absorption, freeze–thaw (F–T) process, P-wave velocity) were performed according to Technical Specification European Standard (TS EN) standards. The pore size distribution was determined by means of high-pressure mercury porosimetry (MIP). The most of the pores (>80%) of tested travertine have a pore access diameter of <0.1 μm. Some engineering properties of the rock are severely affected by F–T cycles such as ultrasonic P-wave velocities, water absorption weight and strength. The porosity of the travertine presents significantly higher values after the cycles of freeze–thaw, which also leads to the increase in the absorption by immersion. The water absorption method showed that water absorption weight of the specimens varied from 0.32 to 0.88%, after the 25. period. The freeze and thaw effects of the samples which were tested after exposing to water were measured at a certain time. The obtained dry, saturated and frozen P-wave velocities were examined by the changes of four travertine samples. P-wave velocity increase is in the range of 4.99–5.97% for tested travertine rocks. These studies explain that the P-wave velocity changes in freezing travertine exclusively due to changing velocities of pore infill, i.e., water, air and ice.

Water absorption and P-wave velocity changes during freeze–thaw weathering process of crosscut travertine rocks

Micro-porosity and minero-petrographic features influences on decay: Experimental data from four dimension stones

Abstract Sandstone grottoes, with their elaborate carvings and decorations, hold high historic, artistic and scientific values and therefore constitute an important part of China’s stone cultural heritage. Although capillary water accounts for severe pathologies at the grottoes, so far there have been limited comprehensive investigations concerned with the capillary water absorption behavior of sandstones. Aiming at three significant and famous sites in China, i.e., Yungang Grottoes (YG), Dazu Rock Carvings (DZ) and Leshan Grand Buddha (LS), capillary water absorption tests were performed on samples from local sandstones. During the test, evolution of cumulative inflow was measured and variation in the height of capillary rise over time was also monitored by combining visual observation and infrared thermography. Scanning electron microscope and mercury intrusion porosimetry were adopted to characterize the pore structure. The results indicate that all the tested sandstones had a medium capacity of water uptake. Kinetics for capillary water absorption was the highest for LS sandstone and the lowest for DZ sandstone. Differences in macroscopic properties were contributed to microstructural features such as average pore diameter and pore size distribution. An irregular shaped water front was only observed in LS sandstone due to its heterogeneity. Infrared thermography provides an efficient and nondestructive way to detect the transition zone between wet and dry portions of the sample, which was not visible to the naked eyes. A proper understanding of the interaction of the sandstones with capillary water is essential for revealing the deterioration of grottoes and the underlying mechanisms. 

https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40494-022-00656-y

Experimental study on capillary water absorption of sandstones from different grotto heritage sites in China

http://www.ugr.es/~grupo179/pdf/Constr%20Build%20Mat%202013.pdf

Evaluation of the petrophysical properties of sedimentary building stones in order to establish quality criteria

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Evaluation of the petrophysical properties of sedimentary building stones in order to establish quality criteria