Multi-decadal satellite measurements of global volcanic degassing

[1] In this study, ultraviolet TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) satellite data for SO2 are re-evaluated for the first 15 days following the 15 June 1991 Pinatubo eruption to reflect new data retrieval and reduction methods. Infrared satellite SO2 data from the TOVS/HIRS/2 (TIROS (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) Optical Vertical Sounder/High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/2) sensor, whose data sets have a higher temporal resolution, are also analyzed for the first time for Pinatubo. Extrapolation of SO2 masses calculated from TOMS and TOVS satellite measurements 19–118 hours after the eruption suggest initial SO2 releases of 15 ± 3 Mt for TOMS and 19 ± 4 Mt for TOVS, including SO2 sequestered by ice in the early Pinatubo cloud. TOVS estimates are higher in part because of the effects of early formed sulfate. The TOMS SO2 method is not sensitive to sulfate, but can be corrected for the existence of this additional emitted sulfur. The mass of early formed sulfate in the Pinatubo cloud can be estimated with infrared remote sensing at about 4 Mt, equivalent to 3 Mt SO2. Thus the total S release by Pinatubo, calculated as SO2, is 18 ± 4 Mt based on TOMS and 19 ± 4 Mt based on TOVS. The SO2 removal from the volcanic cloud during 19–374 hours of atmospheric residence describes overall e-folding times of 25 ± 5 days for TOMS and 23 ± 5 days for TOVS. These removal rates are faster in the first 118 hours after eruption when ice and ash catalyze the reaction, and then slow after heavy ash and ice fallout. SO2 mass increases in the volcanic cloud are observed by both TOMS and TOVS during the first 70 hours after eruption, most probably caused by the gas-phase SO2 release from sublimating stratospheric ice-ash-gas mixtures. This result suggests that ice-sequestered SO2 exists in all tropical volcanic clouds, and at least partially explains SO2 mass increases observed in other volcanic clouds in the first day or two after eruption.

/pdf/re-evaluation-of-so2-release-of-the-15-june-1991-pinatubo-13pzypvgd0.pdf

Re‐evaluation of SO2 release of the 15 June 1991 Pinatubo eruption using ultraviolet and infrared satellite sensors

Volcanic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere: global and regional inventories

Despite its relatively minor abundance in magmas (compared with H2O and CO2), sulfur degassing from volcanoes is of tremendous significance. It can exert substantial influence on magmatic evolution (potentially capable of triggering eruptions); represents one of the most convenient opportunities for volcano monitoring and hazard assessment; and can result in major impacts on the atmosphere, climate and terrestrial ecosystems at a range of spatial and temporal scales. The complex behavior of sulfur in magmas owes much to its multiple valence states (−II, 0, IV, VI), speciation (e.g., S2, H2S, SO2, OCS and SO3 in the gas phase; S2−, SO42− and SO32− in the melt; and non-volatile solid phases such as pyrrhotite and anhydrite), and variation in stable isotopic composition (32S, 33S, 34S and 36S; e.g., Metrich and Mandeville 2010). Sulfur chemistry in the atmosphere is similarly rich involving gaseous and condensed phases and invoking complex homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions. Sulfur degassing from volcanoes and geothermal areas is also important since a variety of microorganisms thrive based on the redox chemistry of sulfur: by reducing sulfur, thiosulfate, sulfite and sulfate to H2S, or oxidizing sulfur and H2S to sulfate (e.g., Takano et al. 1997; Amend and Shock 2001; Shock et al. 2010). Understanding volcanic sulfur degassing thus provides vital insights into magmatic, volcanic and hydrothermal processes; the impacts of volcanism on the Earth system; and biogeochemical cycles. Here, we review the causes of variability in sulfur abundance and speciation in different geodynamic contexts; the measurement of sulfur emissions from volcanoes; links between subsurface processes and surface observations; sulfur chemistry in volcanic plumes; and the consequences of sulfur degassing for climate and the environment.

### Geodynamics and the geochemical behavior of sulfur

The …

/pdf/sulfur-degassing-from-volcanoes-source-conditions-37q3f2zyh4.pdf

Sulfur Degassing From Volcanoes: Source Conditions, Surveillance, Plume Chemistry and Earth System Impacts

Sulfur and chalcophile elements in subduction zones: constraints from a laser ablation ICP-MS study of melt inclusions from Galunggung Volcano, Indonesia

School is an educational institution that is responsible for realizing the functions and goals of national education. In this case, the principal has a very strategic role because one of the principal’s duties is to be a manager. The principal must be able to manage the entire school, including managing existing human resources; especially teachers and administrative staff who are direct implementers in school activities who also play a major role in the success of the school in order to achieve the school’s vision, mission and goals. Resource management is carried out through several activities including preparation, arrangement, direction, and supervision. In terms of human resource management, school principals have tasks that are divided into three aspects, including: 1) provision of employees, 2) utilization of existing employees, and 3) building and developing. Factors that support and also hinder human resource management must be managed properly so that good performance will be obtained, school goals can be achieved, and the quality of graduates will increase.

Optimization of Human Resource Management in Improving the Quality of Education at MI Hidayatul Islamiyah Pajarakan Probolinggo

Evaluation of sulfur dioxide emissions from explosive volcanism: the 1982–1983 eruptions of Galunggung, Java, Indonesia

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Optimization of Human Resource Management in Improving the Quality of Education at MI Hidayatul Islamiyah Pajarakan Probolinggo

Evaluation of sulfur dioxide emissions from explosive volcanism: the 1982–1983 eruptions of Galunggung, Java, Indonesia