An experimental study is conducted to evaluate amine–borane materials in solid fuels that create hypergolic combustion with nitric acid. Ignition delays as short as 3.3 ms have been measured for fuels containing amine–boranes in an epoxy binder: one of the fastest ignition delays ever recorded for a hypergolic hybrid fuel. The heats of formation of the amine–boranes were measured and theoretical (ideal) performance calculated. Some amine–boranes exhibit a double peak performance allowing for a range of oxidizer/fuel combinations resulting in high performance. Amine–borane/fuel binder combinations can produce a 3.8 and 8.2% increase in Isp and ρIsp, respectively, over monomethylhydrazine and a 4–11% increase in Isp and a 17% decrease to 5% increase in ρIsp over other hypergolic hybrid rockets that use similar oxidizers. Amine–boranes also exhibit trends of being less toxic and more air stable than their base amines. In addition to the hypergolic properties, performance alone motivates the use of these mate...

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Solid amine-boranes as high performance hypergolic hybrid rocket fuels

The hypergolic interaction between N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA, (CH3)2NCH2CH2N(CH3)2) and nitric acid was studied by several different experimental techniques. The gaseous species from condensed- and gas-phase reactions between TMEDA and nitric acid (90% HNO3) were analyzed by a confined interaction setup, coupled with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The species identified include TMEDA dinitrate, dimethylnitrosamine (CH3)2NNO, dimethylformamide (CH3)2NCHO, CH2O, H2O, NO2, HONO, NO, CO2, N2O, and CO. The solid residue from the condensed-phase reactions between TMEDA and 90% HNO3 was studied by using a confined rapid thermolysis (CRT) coupled with FTIR spectroscopy and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. On the basis of the product analysis, the preignition reactions between TMEDA and nitric acid are discussed. The initiation reaction is a condensed-phase, exothermic salt formation reaction. At elevated temperatures, the thermal decomposition of nitric acid produces NO2, whi...

Experimental Study on Hypergolic Interaction between N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine and Nitric Acid

A boron-based catalytic and energetic fuel additive is explored as a mechanism to enhance performance of hybrid motors using nitric-acid-based oxidizers. Ethylenediamine bisborane is highly hypergolic with nitric acid, thereby eliminating the need for a separate ignition system and providing the potential for restart. Ignition delays of 2.9±0.3 ms for ethylenediamine bisborane powder and 31.7±19.6  ms for ethylenediamine bisborane/hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene combinations have been measured using white fuming nitric acid as the oxidizer. Theoretical specific impulse values higher than any other nitric-acid-based hypergolic hybrid combination tested are obtained; in addition, ethylenediamine bisborane is air stable and not toxic. Also presented is a method of manufacturing large quantities of high-purity ethylenediamine bisborane.

Characterization of Ethylenediamine Bisborane as a Hypergolic Hybrid Rocket Fuel Additive

Fuel-oxidizer combinations capable of self-igniting simply on coming into mutual contact have been extensively used. in bi-liquid rockets. In hybrid (solid fuel-liquid oxidizer) rockets too the self-igniting (hypergolic) propellant could be suited ideally. The relative non-existence of the hybrid rockets has been partly because of the paucity of suitable hypergolic solid fuels. The development of such fuels is hampered because of the lack of understanding of the chemical reactions occurring between the fuel and the oxidizer leading to ignition. ne chemistry of these highly exothermic reactions occurring in sub-milliseconds in the pre-ignition stage is being studied for the past several years, in an effort to evolve suitable self-igniting systems. A major aspect of this work relates to the solid N-N-bonded derivatives of hydrazines, which have been conceived as self-igniting fuels for the first time. Many of these compounds ignite readily, with short ignition delays on coming into contact with liquid oxidizers, like HNO3 and N2O4. Polymeric resins having N-N bonds and reactive end-groups have been evolved to serve as fuel-binders for self-igniting compositions. This review narrates briefly the main highlights of the work carried out on hypergolic systems. A report on the hybrid rockets and their current status is also included

Self-igniting fuel-oxidizer systems and hybrid rockets

Solid hydrazones obtained by the reaction of various aldehydes with phenyl and dimethylhydrazines have been found to be hypergolic with nitric acid. The hypergolicity appears to be related to the chemical structure of these compounds. The observed ignition delays have been accounted for by assuming the role of nitration, neutralization and oxidation reactions occurring simultaneously in the preignition stage. p-Nitrobenzoic acid and benzoic acid have been isolated as preignition reaction intermediates in the benzaldehydephenylhydrazonenitric acid system

Hypergolic Ignition of Various Hydrazones with Nitric Acid

The role of surface reactions in hypergolic ignition of liquid-solid systems

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The role of surface reactions in hypergolic ignition of liquid-solid systems