The susceptibility of sheep to scrapie is influenced mainly by the prion protein polymorphisms A136V, R154H, and Q171R/H. Here we analyzed the ability of protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) to model the genetic susceptibility of sheep to scrapie. For this purpose, we studied the efficiency of brain homogenates from sheep with different PrP genotypes to support PrPSc amplification by PMCA using an ARQ/ARQ scrapie inoculum. The results were then compared with those obtained in vivo using the same sheep breed, genotypes, and scrapie inoculum. Genotypes associated with susceptibility (ARQ/ARQ, ARQ/AHQ, and AHQ/ARH) were able to sustain PrPSc amplification in PMCA reactions, while genotypes associated with resistance to scrapie (ARQ/ARR and ARR/ARR) were unable to support the in vitro conversion. The incubation times of the experimental infection were then compared with the in vitro amplification factors. Linear regression analysis showed that the efficiency of in vitro PrPSc amplification of the different genotypes was indeed inversely proportional to their incubation times. Finally, the rare ARQK176/ARQK176 genotype, for which no in vivo data are available, was studied by PMCA. No amplification was obtained, suggesting ARQK176/ARQK176 as an additional genotype associated with resistance, at least to the isolate tested. Our results indicate a direct correlation between the ability of different PrP genotypes to undergo PrPC-to-PrPSc conversion by PMCA and their in vivo susceptibility and point to PMCA as an alternative to transmission studies and a potential tool to test the susceptibility of numerous sheep PrP genotypes to a variety of prion sources.

Assessment of the Genetic Susceptibility of Sheep to Scrapie by Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification and Comparison with Experimental Scrapie Transmission Studies

Applying simple random sampling in typical colony methods in the central area of habitat, 14 structural loci and 31 alleles in blood enzyme and other protein variations of Hu sheep population are examined. After collecting the same data of 11 loci about the 22 sheep colonies in China and other countries, it clusters the 23 sheep populations by fuzzy cluster analysis. The study proves that the phylogenetic relationship between Hu sheep population and Mongolia populations is relatively closed. This result obtained is shown to conform to the historical data.

Study on origin and phylogeny status of Hu sheep

The objectives of the present study were to estimate the genetic distance and to determine the discriminant variables among fighting and meat types sheep of Garut (Garut sheep). A total of 413 heads of Garut sheep from five sub-populations were used in this study. Data were collected from the Regional Animal Research Center (BPPTD) as follows: 102 heads of common type sheep from Margawati (M), 69 heads from meat type sheep from Wanaraja (P), 72 heads of meat type from Sukawening (D), 81 heads of fighting sheep from Wanaraja (T) and 89 heads of fighting sheep from Sukawening (A). Data obtained were analyzed by simple discriminant with SAS package program version 7.0 and MEGA2 program to get the construction of phenogram tree. The results showed that in general fighting sheep had body weights and body measurements significantly higher (P Key words: Garut sheep, genetic distance, body measurements

/pdf/estimasi-jarak-genetik-antar-domba-garut-tipe-tangkas-dengan-4hucwvtb4n.pdf

Estimasi Jarak Genetik antar Domba Garut Tipe Tangkas dengan Tipe Pedaging

The morphological discriminant and canonical analysis were carried out to estimate the phylogenic relationship and determine the discriminant variables between Indonesian local sheep of thin tail sheep from Jonggol (Bogor) and Garut and fat tail sheep from Indramayu (originated from East Java), Donggala, Madura, Kisar, Rote and Sumbawa. The number of sheep used was totally 818 heads collected from 8 populations, were Jonggol (185), Garut (74), Indramayu (100), Donggala (60), Madura (86) Kisar (231), Rote (52), and Sumbawa (30). Discriminant analysis used for body weight and body measurements were body length, wither height, chest width, chest depth, chest circumference, skull length, skull width, skull height, tail lenght, tail width, ear length and ear width. SAS package program was used to analyze the data. The results from analysis variant showed that the body weight and body measurenment of Garut sheep almost the same with sheep from Indramayu and significantly higher (P<0,05) compared to another breeds. Whereas, Kisar and Rote have body weight and body measurenment significantly lower (P<0,05) compared to another breeds. The results from Mahalanobis distance (phenogram tree) and canonical analyses showed that breeds were divided into five groups, the first group is Garut, the second is thin-tail sheep which existed in Jonggol, the third was fat-tailed sheep which existed in Kisar, Rote, and Sumbawa, the fourth is fat-tail sheep which existed in Donggala, and the fiveth was fat-tailed sheep which existed in Indramayu and Madura. The groups of sheep between Kisar and Rote had the smallest genetic distance value equal to 1,623 and groups between Donggala and Garut had the biggest genetic distance value equal to 7,994. The highest similarity between individual inside the group was obtained from Sumbawa (100%) and the lowest similarity was from Rote (72,41%). The results from canonical analyses showed that tail lenght, ear width, ear lenght, skull lenght, body lenght, and tail width were the most discriminant variables to determine the diferences between breeds.

Keragaan dan Hubungan Phylogenik antar Domba Lokal di Indonesia melalui Pendekatan Analisis Morfologi

Biochemical diversity or polymorphism is the occurrence of varieties attributed to biochemical differences which are under genetic control. It has created a leeway for the genetic improvement of farm animals. This is because it can be used as a useful tool for the characterization of livestock breeds and population. This way, the degree of similarity or differences within and between breeds can be ascertained and this differences or similarity are important raw materials for genetic improvement of animals. Data obtained on gene frequencies and genotypes through polymorphism study makes it not only possible to compare the gene stocks of animals, the possible effects of the genes on reproductive and performance traits, but also study genetic variability under different environmental conditions of selection. This study was carried out to review haemoglobin (Hb) polymorphism in selected farm animals with the view of finding out the type of polymorphism observed by starch gel electrophoresis due to variation in the amino acid sequence in the polypeptide chains of Hb. The review showed clearly that there is a gene-controlled diversity in the different farm animals considered. This could serve as a reference point for future studies earmarked for the improvement of the animals possibly via marker-assisted selection.

/pdf/haemoglobin-polymorphism-in-selected-farm-animals-a-review-52yd5vxo6p.pdf

Haemoglobin polymorphism in selected farm animals-a review.

バングラデシュ在来羊における血液蛋白と非蛋白型の遺伝子構成並びにわが国のヨーロッパ系羊種(サフォーク種,コリデール種,チェビオット種,ボーダーレスター種およびフィニシュランドレース種)との遺伝的関係について調査検討し,次の成果を得た.澱粉ゲル電気泳動法および原子吸光法により分析された20種の血液系遺伝標識のうち,バングラデシュ羊で多型の認められた座位は次の15種であった.すなわち,albumin (Al), post-albumin, transferrin (Tf), alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, arylesterase (Ary-Es), hemoglobin-β, X-protein, carbonic anhydrase, diaphorase-I (Dia-I), catalase (Cat), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucosephosphate isomerase, lysine (Ly)およびpotassium (Ke).その他の座位,slow-α2-macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin, hemoglobin-α, diaphorase-II, esterase D,は単一型であった.これらの多型座位の遺伝子頻度について,今回調査したバングラデシュ南西部のJessore-Khulna (JK),中央部のMymensingh (MY)と南東部のNoakhari (NO)の3地域集団の間ではAl,Tf, Ary-Es,Dia-1,Cat,MDH,LyおよびKe座位において著しい差異が認められた.しかし,これらの集団間での遺伝的均質性では大きな差が認められず,また,遺伝的変異性ではJKとMY集団がよく類似していたが,1ヵ所での血液採取のNO集団はその他の集団よりもわずかに低い変異性を示した.これらの集団間における遺伝的距離の結果では,JKとMY集団が1つのクラスターを形成した.従ってJK-MY集団の遺伝子構成はNO集団のそれとはわずかに異なるが,全般的にバングラデシュ羊の各地域集団間ではそれほど遺伝的に大きな差はないように考えられた.次にバングラデシュ羊とわが国のヨーロッパ系羊種との比較では,Al,Tf,CatおよびMDH座位の遺伝子頻度で両者の間に顕著な差が認められた.バングラデシュは,今回のヨーロッパ系羊種では検出されないAlA遺伝子を有し,しかもTfD遺伝子を全く認めなかったが,TfE遺伝子ではかなりの高頻度であった.また,CatCおよびMDHS遺伝子もヨーロッパ系羊種よりも高頻度に保有されていた.遺伝的変異性や遺伝的距離は両者の間で著しい差異のあることを示した.よってバングラデシュ在来羊はヨーロッパ系羊種とは系統的に異なることが示唆された.

Genetic characteristics of Bangladeshi sheep as based on biochemical variation.

The phylogenetic relationships among 23 local sheep breeds and varieties in East Asia were determined based on allele frequency data for five informative and polymorphic blood protein and nonprotein loci (transferrin, arylesterase, hemoglobin-β, X-protein, and potassium transport) using electrophoresis and ion-densitometric techniques. Comparatively striking differences in the frequency distributions, especially of hemoglobin-β and X-protein alleles, were seen between the northern population of the Khalkhas, Bhyanglung, Baruwal, Jakar, Sakten, and five Chinese breeds and the southern population of the Bengal, Kagi, Lampuchhre, Myanmar, and Sipsu breeds. Clustering analyses using UPGMA and NJ methods and principal component analysis, using the data of all populations and loci tested, clearly demonstrated the difference. The two population groups are divided by the boundary of the Himalayas, and each diverged into three subgroups: Mongolian, Tibetan, and Himalayan groups in the north and Indian groups I, II, and III in the south. It was noted that the genetic differentiation of populations was more distinct in the northern group. These findings strongly suggest the existence of at least two large and phylogenetically different gene pools of sheep in East Asia.

Phylogenetic relationships among indigenous sheep populations in East Asia based on five informative blood protein and nonprotein polymorphisms.

Multiple stressors including biological invasion have long been recognised in conservation of freshwater fish biodiversity. Works in this line have, however, been still scanty in Asia and South America – the continents known for rich biodiversity. In this study, the first of its type in Bangladesh, impacts of exotic fish and declining habitats on native fishes have been investigated. Regression and correlation analyses of 16 years production data of ponds, practically the only habitat where exotic fish are cultured commonly with indigenous ones, reveals that a maximum of 25% of the abundance decrease of native fish could be due to the effects of five commonly cultured exotic fish. Rest of the decline might largely be due to shrinkage, degradation, and destruction of habitats. Inland habitats other than ponds shrink, commonly, by about 80 % during the dry season, and most rivers are heavily polluted except for the brief mid rainy season. Decline in native fish populations may result in reduced genetic diversity. Another potential danger is the probable genetic introgression from the less fit hatchery-originated fish with the wild ones. The study concludes that the native freshwater fishes are endangered by declining habitats, exotic fishes, genetic consequences of hatchery supplementation

Exotic fish and decreasing habitats vis-à-vis conservation of freshwater fish biodiversity of Bangladesh

Allele and genotype frequency distributions of prion protein (PrP) polymorphisms at three codons, 136, 154, and 171, in East Asian sheep were determined by PCR-RFLP analysis using 553 animals from nine local breeds of the northern group and four local breeds of the southern group. Based on the genotype distribution, the risk score for scrapie was estimated. Among the local breeds, ARQ appeared predominantly (0.7701-1), followed by ARH and ARR. From such a biased allele distribution, it was difficult to ascertain the prevalent genetic relationships. A marked difference in allele frequencies between the northern and southern groups was seen (P < 0.0001). The East Asian sheep had ARQ at the highest frequency (0.8834); in European sheep it was 0.5317. According to an assessment of scrapie risk in the PrP genotype classes, the predominant ARQ/ARQ in East Asian sheep corresponded to the risk score of R4. This finding suggests that East Asian sheep have a high level of genetic susceptibility to scrapie.

Prion protein polymorphisms and estimation of risk of scrapie in East Asian sheep.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

M. A. Hasnath

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Genetic characteristics of Bangladeshi sheep as based on biochemical variation.

Phylogenetic relationships among indigenous sheep populations in East Asia based on five informative blood protein and nonprotein polymorphisms.

Exotic fish and decreasing habitats vis-à-vis conservation of freshwater fish biodiversity of Bangladesh

Prion protein polymorphisms and estimation of risk of scrapie in East Asian sheep.