Due to a lack of environmental protection awareness and knowledge, many practices informally recycle smartphone waste to get precious metals. Smartphones are hazardous and toxic waste materials, so they require proper handling not to cause problems for the environment. This study aims to measure the environmental impact and eco-efficiency level of formal recycling practices carried out by licensed companies and compare them with informal recycling practices carried out by the community. Environmental impact measurement uses Life Cycle Assessment with the eco-cost method. The measurement results show informal recycling practices have a higher environmental impact than formal recycling practices. Informal recycling practices harm almost every category, while formal recycling has a significant positive impact on the acidification and metal scarcity categories. Based on the value of the eco-efficiency index, formal recycling practices are affordable and sustainable and have an eco-efficiency level of 100%. Economically, formal recycling provides higher financial benefits than informal recycling. Thus, formal recycling practices are better and more profitable than informal recycling practices from the economic and environmental aspects. So, it is time for Indonesia to switch to a formal recycling process carried out by licensed companies considering the vast potential for waste as a raw material. The government's role is to invite the public to distribute smartphone waste to licensed recycling companies. 

/pdf/eco-efficiency-comparative-analysis-of-informal-and-formal-2itq9mci.pdf

Eco-Efficiency Comparative Analysis of Informal and Formal Smartphone Recycling Practices Using Life Cycle Assessment

Gas turbine installations (GTIs) are widely used to generate electrical and thermal energy, mainly by burning gaseous fuels. With the development of hydrogen energy technology, a current area of particular interest is the use of GTIs to burn hydrogen. In order to assess the prospects of using GTIs in this way, it is necessary to understand the carbon emissions of gas turbines within the larger context of the entire hydrogen life cycle and its carbon footprint. The article provides an overview of results from previously published studies on life cycle assessment (LCA) of complex technical devices associated with the production and consumption of fuel and energy, which are most similar to GTIs when it comes to the complexity of LCA. The subject of analysis was a set of GTIs located in Russia with a capacity of 16 MW. An assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per MWh of electricity produced showed that at different stages of the GTI life cycle, the total carbon footprint was 198.1–604.3 kg CO2-eq., of which more than 99% came from GTI operation. Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and end-of-life management stages are significantly lower for GTIs compared to those for other complex technical devices used to generate electricity. This is an indicator of the strong prospects for the future use of GTIs.

Life Cycle Assessment of a Gas Turbine Installation

Comparative life cycle assessment on fuel types for a formula 1 engine in belgian grand prix

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Currently, there are new vehicle power units actively evolving and being more and more extensively applied that are primarily based on electric and hydrogen technologies ensuring reduction of greenhouse gas emissions when in operation. However, to comprehensively evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the new technologies they require integrated assessment within the life cycle. The global community, minding the importance of this problem, has come to the need of development of a harmonized methodology for assessment of a vehicle carbon footprint within the life cycle.The purpose of the study is to review the modern trends when assessing the vehicle carbon footprint within the life cycle based on the analysis of activities of the Automotive – Life Cycle Assessment (A-LCA) Informal Working Group within the official Working Party on Pollution and Energy (GRPE) within the operation of the UN World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29).Methodology and research methods. The method of analysis of published documents and reports presented at the sessions of the Automotive – Life Cycle Assessment (A-LCA) Informal Working Group has been used. Scientific novelty and results. The paper contains the results of analysis of modern approaches and trends in vehicle life cycle assessment. Practical significance. The analysis results will help understanding the key issues in vehicle life cycle assessment and improving methodologies applied in the Russian Federation.

Analysis of modern trends in vehicle life cycle assessment

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). In recent years, electric vehicles sharply gained extra attention as an alternative to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The main driving forces for the transition to electric vehicles are said to be environmental protection and decreasing reserves of hydrocarbon fuels. With this motivation in mind, the parties to the Paris Agreement (2016) formed the strategic goals, among which was complete decarbonization of energy and transport by 2050, also through replacing ICEs with electric propulsion. In order to reach such an ambitious target while considering the size of the global and Russian vehicle fleets, serious financial, technological, material and social resources are necessary. The article attempts to assess the current level of Russia’s raw material base required for motor vehicles decarbonization, and the degree of its readiness to reach the Paris Agreement goals. The article consists of two parts. The first part considers the Russian automotive industry energy security during its transition to electric driving, while the second part studies the availability of the most problematic units and materials to implement such a solution. The purpose of the study is to analyze the Russian raw material base situation from the perspective of its readiness for complete or step-by-step replacement of ICE powertrains with electric drives, including hydrogen ones. Methodology and research methods. Analysis of information about production and usage of the main raw material resources required for manufacturing and operating electric vehicles in Russia. Scientific novelty and results . There was no analysis of Russia’s raw material base from the perspective of its readiness for complete or step-by-step replacement of ICEs with electric propulsion carried out earlier. The resources in the form of necessary materials and electric energy that are available in Russia are insufficient for full-scale replacement of the existing ICE vehicle fleet with electric vehicles, both battery and hydrogen powered. Practical significance . The revealed unpreparedness of Russia’s raw material base for replacement of ICE vehicles with electric vehicles makes it possible to exclude unjustified optimism regarding this solution, to evaluate carefully the prospects and fields of application of electric vehicles and to focus on finding more realistic ways to improve vehicle environmental characteristics and economic efficiency. 

Will Russian resources “drive” electric vehicles? Part 1

A comparative analysis of the life cycle of powertrains based on internal combustion engines powered by diesel fuel and natural gas, on batteries, and on hydrogen fuel cells was made. The inventory information on the stages of the life cycle of powertrains was collected, including production of structural materials and assembling of powertrain components, production of fuel and power, operation, and recycling/disposal after the service life completion. The results of comprehensive estimation of the energy consumption and СО2 emissions in the life cycle are presented. The structure of the electric power production in the Moscow oblast was used for the comprehensive estimation of the parameters. The cost of hydrogen at which the powertrains based on fuel cells become economically competitive was estimated.

Life Cycle Assesment of Powertrains Based on a Battery, Hydrogen Fuel Cells, and Internal Combustion Engine for Urban Buses under the Conditions of Moscow Oblast

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Life Cycle Assesment of Powertrains Based on a Battery, Hydrogen Fuel Cells, and Internal Combustion Engine for Urban Buses under the Conditions of Moscow Oblast