Two ways of conducting the search for generalizations about messages are considered: Morley's (this volume) proposal that single-message research designs be used, with subsequent meta-analytic summaries, and Jackson and Jacobs's (1983) proposal that multiple-message designs be used, with messages treated as a random factor in the statistical analysis. Jackson and Jacobs's approach is shown to provide a more dependable, efficient, and practical means for gathering the requisite evidence for dependable generalizations. The charge that multiple-message designs suffer from irreparable problems of experimenter bias is refuted. The treatment of messages as a random factor is defended as statistically appropriate and as clearly preferable to the statistical alternatives.

The Search for Reliable Generalizations about Messages: A Comparison of Research Strategies.

Communicative competence entails the ability of speakers to mesh their utterances to form coherent conversation. The research reported here explored the relationship between interaction involvement as a traitlike dimension of communicative competence and the use of grammatical cohesive devices to create explicit ties within conversation. It was hypothesized that three dyad types exhibiting differing patterns of interaction involvement would be differentiated by the patterns of cohesive devices used to create ties within their conversation. Results indicated that the dyads differed significantly in the patterned use of interactive ellipsis and noninteractive reference within T‐units. These patterns were seen as indicators of discourse strategies differing in their relative reliance on minimal passing moves versus more elaborate responses. Finally, it was argued that these discourse strategies are responsive to the relative certainty/uncertainty of the dyads in tracking the flow of conversation and in deter...

Interaction Involvement and Discourse Strategies: The Patterned Use of Cohesive Devices in Conversation.

An abstract of the thesis of Julie Anne Haun for the Master of Arts in TESOL presented May 31, 1995. Title: Functional Uses of Language in the Conversational Discourse of a Person with Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, is estimated to occur in up to sixteen percent of people between the ages of 75 and 84. Deficits in linguistic skills that effect communication are a hallmark of the disease and have been the primary focus of past Alzheimer's research. Among other deficits, researchers have found that people with Alzheimer's often use indexical expressions without clear referents and convey less information that is relevant to the task they have been asked to perform than healthy subjects. Relatively little research has examined how Alzheimer's subjects use their linguistic knowledge to communicate with others in natural, open-ended interaction. The purpose of the present study was to identify what communication skills remain intact that enable an Alzheimer's subject to maintain conversational fluency despite lexical and pragmatic deficits. The study focused specifically on language skills that play a functional role in facilitating conversation. The data used in this study consisted of eight naturally occurring conversations between the subject and three interlocutors who had a close relationship with the subject. The interactions were recorded in the Alzheimer's wing of the subject's nursing home. The transcribed conversations were analyzed according to three types of functional language drawn from Nattinger and DeCarrico's (1992) work on lexical phrases: (1) conversational maintenance; (2) conversational purpose; and (3) familiar topics. The role played by lexical phrases in facilitating each of these functional categories was also examined. This study found that the subject had an intact knowledge of functional language skills that allowed her to successfully participate in conversation despite serious language deficits. Within the category of conversational maintenance, the subject retained skills necessary to share control in opening and closing conversations as well as nominating and shifting topics and requesting and offering clarification. In the category of conversational purpose, the subject used functional language to signal utterances intended to convey general politeness, gratitude and compliments as well as informing the interlocutor of her attitude in relation to the content of utterances. The study also found that lexical phrases played a central role in facilitating the subject's use of functional language. FUNCTIONAL USES OF LANGUAGE IN THE CONVERSATIONAL DISCOURSE OF A PERSON WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

/pdf/functional-uses-of-language-in-the-conversational-discourse-1djhqr9mxy.pdf

Functional Uses of Language in the Conversational Discourse of a Person with Alzheimer's Disease

Pour expliquer la coherence et la comprehension du discours, l'objet d'etude privilegie n'est pas le texte mais les representations mentales du locuteur relatives au processus de communication.

Communicative Goals and Strategies: Between Discourse and Syntax in Discourse and Syntax.

Three significant points of controversy separate Hunter, Hamilton, and Allen's defense of single‐message designs from our suggestion that messages be replicated within experiments. We respond to each of these controversies. First, we examine their claim that “controlled”; single‐message designs completely eliminate all confounding of manipulated variables with other possible influences on the dependent variable and show it to rest on manifestly implausible assumptions. Second, we show why researchers should plan for the possibility of nonuniform treatment effects across messages, and so use multiple‐message designs; contrary to Hunter et al. ‘s suggestion, the available empirical evidence shows that treatment effects can and do vary across messages. Third, we discuss the advantages of having message replications both within and between studies, as opposed to Hunter et al.’s suggestion that such replication occur only between studies; multiple‐message designs provide greater reliability in estimation of tr...

/pdf/messages-as-replications-toward-a-message-centered-design-1rurlb4c3q.pdf

Messages as Replications: Toward a Message-Centered Design Strategy.

The literature on conversational coherence is filled with devices that are believed to be the bases of coherence, but no test has been performed to determine if those devices are found more frequently in coherent than incoherent messages. This research was designed to find out how coherence is cued between turns in conversations. In Phase 1, the assumption that conversations contain explicit cues to coherence was tested by asking subjects to reconstruct conversations from randomized constituent remarks. Only if connections between turns were explicitly cued would subjects have any basis for placing turns together beyond levels expected by chance. The findings indicated that turns were consistently paired well beyond chance, suggesting that explicit cues to connections between turns in conversations do exist. The next step was to determine what those cues were. In Phase 2 a coding system was developed and applied to the pairs of turns identified in the reconstruction task as either coherent or incoherent. ...

Cohesive Devices in Conversations.

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Cohesive Devices in Conversations.