MEDICAL LITERATURE has been deluged during the past few years with books and papers on penicillin; but a book which has been produced under the general editorship of Sir Alexander Fleming himself represents a complete and authoritative summary of penicillin therapy as it stands today.' The book contains a series of independent contributions by \"experienced and eminent men who have worked with penicillin in Great Britain\". Their opinions and practical methods differ slightly, and there is some overlapping; but these are not disadvantageous, comparison and contrast lending interest to the reading. In the first or general section of the book Fleming contributes two chapters, one on the history and development of penicillin, introducing some interesting sidelights in the romance of discovery, the other on the bacteriological control of penicillin therapy. In both chapters the information is set out in meticulous detail and with a clarity and simplicity which can be enjoyed by all readers. Fleming also gives the right perspective to the place of penicillin amongst the antibiotics and lays down the principles of treatment. Both chapters are well illustrated and are the most outstanding in the book. Included in this first section also are chapters on the chemistry and manufacture of penicillin and its pharmacy, pharmacology and methods of administration. The second section of the book is entirely clinical, giving each author's view on the use of penicillin therapy in a disease or an infection of some particular region of the body. The entire range of peniCillin-sensitive conditions is considered in twenty authoritative and clearly written chapters; these contain many references and illustrations. Dental and veterinary diseases are also given fairly full consideration. The final section is a condensed resume of much of the preceding chapters and is written for. the general practttioner. This chapter is superttuous: it does not contain enough detall to be of much practical value. The book as a Whole, however, will undoubtedly be considered a classical contribution to medical literature and is strongly recommended, not only because of the general interest of its topic, but as a reference book on penicillin therapy of hitherto unequalled excellence. The typography, although conforming to war economy standards, is clear and the paper is good. There is an excellent list of references and the index is satisfactory.

Gray's Anatomy

http://academic.oup.com/milmed/article-pdf/145/12/820/24134141/milmed-145-12-820.pdf

Speech Science Primer: Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception of Speech

Social and affective touch in primates and its role in the evolution of social cohesion.

https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/files/9254379/ProopsMcComb_Post_print_version.pdf

Animals Remember Previous Facial Expressions that Specific Humans Have Exhibited.

The Evolution of Mammalian Characters

The human face has the greatest mobility and facial display repertoire among all primates. However, the variables that account for this are not clear. Humans and other anthropoids have remarkably similar mimetic musculature. This suggests that differences among the mimetic muscles alone may not account for the increased mobility and facial display repertoire seen in humans. Furthermore, anthropoids themselves outpace prosimians in these categories: humans > other anthropoids > prosimians. This study was undertaken to clarify the morphological underpinnings of the increased mobility and display repertoire of the human face by investigating the SMAS (the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system), a connective tissue layer enclosing the mimetic musculature located between the skin and deep fascia/periosteum. Full-thickness samples from the face near the zygoma region from the anthropoids Homo sapiens (humans, N = 3), Pan troglodytes (chimpanzees, N = 3), Hylobates muelleri (gibbons, N = 1), and Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque, N = 3) and the prosimians Tarsius bancanus (tarsiers, N = 1), and Otolemur crassicaudatus (galagos, N = 2) were used. All samples were processed for paraffin-based histology and stained sections were viewed under light microscopy to determine if a SMAS layer could be identified. Results indicate that a SMAS layer was present in all anthropoid species but neither of the prosimian species. This connective tissue layer may be a factor in the increased facial mobility and facial display repertoire present in these species. Anat Rec, 299:1779–1788, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Mobility of the Human Face: More than Just the Musculature

Mammals use their faces in social interactions more so than any other vertebrates. Primates are an extreme among most mammals in their complex, direct, lifelong social interactions and their frequent use of facial displays is a means of proximate visual communication with conspecifics. The available repertoire of facial displays is primarily controlled by mimetic musculature, the muscles that move the face. The form of these muscles is, in turn, limited by and influenced by phylogenetic inertia but here we use examples, both morphological and physiological, to illustrate the influence that social variables may exert on the evolution and form of mimetic musculature among primates. Ecomorphology is concerned with the adaptive responses of morphology to various ecological variables such as diet, foliage density, predation pressures, and time of day activity. We present evidence that social variables also exert selective pressures on morphology, specifically using mimetic muscles among primates as an example. Social variables include group size, dominance 'style', and mating systems. We present two case studies to illustrate the potential influence of social behavior on adaptive morphology of mimetic musculature in primates: (1) gross morphology of the mimetic muscles around the external ear in closely related species of macaque (Macaca mulatta and Macaca nigra) characterized by varying dominance styles and (2) comparative physiology of the orbicularis oris muscle among select ape species. This muscle is used in both facial displays/expressions and in vocalizations/human speech. We present qualitative observations of myosin fiber-type distribution in this muscle of siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), and human to demonstrate the potential influence of visual and auditory communication on muscle physiology. In sum, ecomorphologists should be aware of social selective pressures as well as ecological ones, and that observed morphology might reflect a compromise between the demands of the physical and the social environments.

/pdf/social-variables-exert-selective-pressures-in-the-evolution-3d95hdnqk4.pdf

Social variables exert selective pressures in the evolution and form of primate mimetic musculature

OBJECTIVE
To assess the clinical status of monolithic zirconia CAD/CAM endocrown and crowns on post and core build-ups of endodontically treated molars after 5 years of clinical service.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
670 patients who received restoration for excessive defects in Ansteel Group Hospital from 2012 to 2015 were selected and divided randomly into 2 groups: 334 patients in the endocrown group and 336 cases in crown with post and core group. All the treatment accepted digital CAD/CAM system. The restoration of the prosthesis at 1 year, 3years and 5years after treatment was evaluated by the USPHS (United States Public Health Service) criteria and satisfaction questionnaire. Besides, the cost time of tooth preparation was recorded by the dentists.


RESULTS
Most of the patients in both groups reported a grade 'A' after treatment. Compared with the crown with post and core, the gingival health, food impact, marginal accuracy and general satisfaction of 3 years and 5 years after treatment in endocrown group had higher rated (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in other indicators between 2 groups at all observational time points after treatment (P > 0.05). The cost time of tooth preparation of crown with post and core was significantly higher than that of the endocrown group.


CONCLUSION
The CAD/CAM scanning system combined with monolithic zirconia has remarkable effects on dental restoration. Endocrown is a significant superior choice in clinical application compared with the crown with post and core.

Clinical assessment of monolithic zirconia CAD/CAM-fabricated endocrowns versus crowns on post and core buildups after up to 5 years.

Are Tarsiers fast or slow? A comparison of the triceps surae muscle and muscle fibers

https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000032787

Clinical outcomes of revision radical mastoidectomy surgeries to dry ears: A retrospective study

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