In this paper, low-profile broadband planar folded transmitarray antennas (FTAs) are proposed and studied based on a novel Fabry–Perot polarizer. A novel element is proposed to carry out high-efficiency transmission, the phase compensation and the 90° polarization rotation at the same time. The element consists of two identical dielectric slabs, sandwiched by three metal layers, and has a thickness of only about $0.1\lambda $ . To verify this element, a transmitarray antenna is first designed and its highly efficient radiation performance is demonstrated by both simulations and the experiments. Low-profile FTAs are then designed and studied. The results show that the advantages of broad bandwidth, high gain, lower profile, planar geometry, and ease of integration can be achieved. The experiments of the FTA antenna demonstrate a 3 dB gain bandwidths of 18% and a peak gain of 25.2 dBi.

Broadband Folded Transmitarray Antenna Based on an Ultrathin Transmission Polarizer

In this communication, an electronically reconfigurable folded reflectarray antenna (ERFRA), which includes $14 \times 14$ reflecting elements and features a fully planar compact configuration and wide-angle beam-scanning performance, was developed, fabricated, and tested. A novel reflecting element that is able to carry out cross-polarization rotation and electronically reconfigurable 1 bit compensation phases was first developed. After experimentally demonstrating its feasibility, the new reflecting element was then applied to the design of a $14 \times 14$ ERFRA, with a planar feed in the center of the reflectarray and a beam-control system based on the field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The measurements of the fabricated ERFRA prototype show a wide beam-scanning range, up to ±60°, a peak gain of 17.07 dBi, and an aperture efficiency of about 13.2%.

1 Bit Electronically Reconfigurable Folded Reflectarray Antenna Based on p-i-n Diodes for Wide-Angle Beam-Scanning Applications

A broadband folded reflectarray antenna (FRA) is presented employing a novel single-layer cross-polarization conversion (CPC) subwavelength element in this letter. The proposed element has a very simple structure and consists of only a square ring resonator loaded with two splits, thereby realizing easy fabrication with low cost. By varying the length of the ring and mirroring the element, a 360° phase change range is achieved with low losses at the center frequency. These characteristics make the proposed configuration unique, as most of the reported FRA elements rely on complex and multilayer structures to realize the broadband CPC. Furthermore, an FRA using the proposed elements is designed and measured at 22 GHz. A good agreement between the simulated and measured results is obtained. The measured results demonstrate that the proposed FRA realizes a 1 dB gain bandwidth of 20.9% and a maximum aperture efficiency of 47.8%.

Broadband Folded Reflectarray Antenna Using Single-Layer Cross-Polarization Conversion Subwavelength Elements

In this letter, a novel elliptical cylinder dielectric resonator (ECDR) is proposed. By combining a square substrate and two symmetrical ECDRs, an ECDR element is formed, which can effectively achieve the transformation from the linearly polarized incident wave to the circularly polarized (CP) transmitted wave. By adjusting the height of the element, a linear transmission phase range over 360° can be obtained, which can reduce the fabrication difficulty and cost through a 3-D printed technology significantly. Meanwhile, the ECDR element has a low conductor loss in high frequency. Additionally, a CP 3-D printed dielectric transmitarray antenna at the millimeter-wave band is designed by employing the ECDR elements. It is found that the aperture efficiency is up to 40.3%, the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is 17%, and the 1 dB gain bandwidth is 13.3%, respectively. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones. This may be the first time that a CP 3-D printed dielectric transmitarray antenna has been reported.

A Circularly Polarized 3-D Printed Dielectric Transmitarray Antenna at Millimeter-Wave Band

This article concerns a novel solution for folded reflectarray antennas which makes use of a curved (spherical) polarizer. The proposed solution provides a high gain and stable performances on a large bandwidth. A gridded substrate is also employed to minimize the dielectric losses in each reflectarray element, allowing the use of low-cost dielectric materials. Furthermore, 3-D printing technology has been used to manufacture both the polarizer and the reflectarray substrate. A linearly polarized, 28 dBi gain, Ku-band, entirely plastic prototype has been designed, manufactured, and tested. Measurements confirm the feasibility of the proposed solution and show its good performances (54% aperture efficiency and 1 dB down gain bandwidth of about 17%).

Folded Reflectarray With Spherical Polarizer

In this paper, a folded reflectarray antenna (FRA) is developed using a crossed-dipole based reflector. By using the Pancharatnam–Berry phase theory, it is theoretically demonstrated that the crossed-dipole based reflector is capable of providing both 90° polarization conversion and the phase compensation for linearly polarized incident waves. Due to the negligible mutual interaction between the two orthogonally crossed dipoles, the reflection phases for the incident waves with polarizations along the two dipoles can be controlled independently, making the phase compensation and the polarization conversion convenient at the same time. To validate the FRA design, both simulations and experiments were conducted and good agreements are obtained. An FRA with a peak gain of 27.34 dBi and a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 13.2% is achieved.

Design of Folded Reflectarray Antennas Using Pancharatnam-Berry Phase Reflectors

This paper presents several reflectarray and transmitarray antennas based on the quarter-wave Fresnel zone principle. Wide bandwidth, high gain, low profile and low cost are common advantages of them. Dual-dipole and conducting strip elements were proposed to provide the required correcting reflection phases and transmission phases respectively. Standard gain horns and slot-coupled patch antennas were used as the feeding sources alternately. Simulations and experiments were conducted to demonstrate the wideband high-gain performance of these designs.

Designs of flat reflectarray and transmitarray antennas using the Fresnel zone principle

In this paper, a folded reflectarray antenna operating at Ka band is presented. A crossed-dipole element, which is able to provide a tuning phase range of more than 420° is used to construct the reflectarray. Simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the design. With the overall size of 210 mm × 210 mm × 45.5 mm, a peak gain of 27.3 dBi and a 3 dB-gain bandwidth of 27.7–31 GHz have been achieved in measurements. Sidelobe levels are less than −20.5 dB and −18.5 dB in the E and H planes, respectively.

A folded reflectarray antenna at Ka band

This paper presents a Folded Fresnel Reflector (FFR) composed of a planar polarization filter and a novel polarization-rotating reflector. A novel element that exhibits the reflectively cross-polarization conversion and a phase shifting range of about 310° is proposed to design the reflector. The polarization filter reflects the incident wave from the source horn to the main reflector, which then results in a polarization twisting of 90° to the reflective wave passing through the polarizer and radiating. Simulations have been conducted to validate the design and the results show that a 1-dB gain bandwidth of 21.7% and a peak gain of 21.4 dBi are achieved.

Design of a folded fresnel reflector (FFR) with jerusalem-cross-shape element

This paper presents a novel design and demonstration of a linearly polarized lens antenna with planar antenna feeders. The lens consists of four identical metallic array printed on three identical dielectric slabs. The thickness is only 3 mm or 0.22 λ at the operating frequency, 22 GHz. To make the antenna structure compact, the planar small antenna feeder instead of a horn is investigated. Simulations and experiments have been conducted to validate the design. The measured results show that a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 15% and a peak gain of 25.1 dBi are achieved.

A K-band flat lens antenna with a slot-fed antenna feeder

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