物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems

Memory isolation is a key property of a reliable and secure computing system--an access to one memory address should not have unintended side effects on data stored in other addresses. However, as DRAM process technology scales down to smaller dimensions, it becomes more difficult to prevent DRAM cells from electrically interacting with each other. In this paper, we expose the vulnerability of commodity DRAM chips to disturbance errors. By reading from the same address in DRAM, we show that it is possible to corrupt data in nearby addresses. More specifically, activating the same row in DRAM corrupts data in nearby rows. We demonstrate this phenomenon on Intel and AMD systems using a malicious program that generates many DRAM accesses. We induce errors in most DRAM modules (110 out of 129) from three major DRAM manufacturers. From this we conclude that many deployed systems are likely to be at risk. We identify the root cause of disturbance errors as the repeated toggling of a DRAM row's wordline, which stresses inter-cell coupling effects that accelerate charge leakage from nearby rows. We provide an extensive characterization study of disturbance errors and their behavior using an FPGA-based testing platform. Among our key findings, we show that (i) it takes as few as 139K accesses to induce an error and (ii) up to one in every 1.7K cells is susceptible to errors. After examining various potential ways of addressing the problem, we propose a low-overhead solution to prevent the errors

/pdf/flipping-bits-in-memory-without-accessing-them-an-3dirvwezou.pdf

Flipping bits in memory without accessing them: an experimental study of DRAM disturbance errors

19세기말 애국적 담론과 新小說의 정체성

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is having a major impact on the development of software systems because of its potential for increased business agility, adaptability of applications, interoperability between systems, and reuse of legacy assets However, organizations often make decisions on SOA adoption without carefully analyzing the implications of their decisions This article outlines a set of common misconceptions about SOA and suggests ways in which software development lifecycle activities can be adapted to account for the characteristics of SOA-based systems Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Effects of service-oriented architecture on software development lifecycle activities

: This report describes the Service-Oriented Migration and Reuse Technique (SMART). SMART is a technique that helps organizations analyze legacy systems to determine whether their functionality, or subsets of it, can be reasonably exposed as services in a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). Converting legacy components to services allows systems to remain largely unchanged while exposing functionality to a large number of clients through well-defined service interfaces. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) is adopting this approach by defining SOAs that include a set of infrastructure common services on which organizations can build additional domain services or applications. SMART considers the specific interactions that will he required by the target SOA and any changes that must be made to the legacy components. An early version of SMART was applied with good success to assist a DoD organization in evaluating the potential for converting components of an existing system into services that would run in a new and tightly constrained DoD SOA environment.

/pdf/smart-the-service-oriented-migration-and-reuse-technique-4rd5xj38lq.pdf

SMART: The Service-Oriented Migration and Reuse Technique

Standards have been instrumental in achieving the significant level of systems interoperability we rely on in almost every domain. Many organizations are betting on the ability of standards to provide unprecedented end-to-end systems interoperability with partner organizations. Our experience suggests that the expectation of what can be achieved with standards is too high. For example, many large health care providers assume that moving to a new version of a major health care standard (HL7 3.0 and the associated reference information models) will guarantee "seamless" interoperability across all health care systems inside the enterprise. However, this new standard does not take into account clinical workflows and operational contexts that differ across point-of care systems and have a large effect on how accurately clinicians interpret data. This paper offers a caution, not that standards are not useful but that organizations need to be aware of limitations of standards they are adopting to achieve systems interoperability. After discussing these limitations, we present some strategies to minimize their effect.

Why Standards Are Not Enough to Guarantee End-to-End Interoperability

The aerospace industry is experiencing exponential growth in the size and complexity of onboard software. It also seeing a significant increase in errors and rework of that software. All of those factors contribute to greater cost; the current development process is reaching the limit of affordability of building safe aircraft. An international consortium of aerospace companies with government participation has initiated the System Architecture Virtual Integration (SAVI) program, whose goal is to achieve an affordable solution through a paradigm shift of "integrate then build." Key concepts of this paradigm shift are an architecture-centric model repository as single source for analytical system models, accessed through a model bus, used as a single source for analytical models, and multi-level, multi-fidelity analysis of multiple operational quality attributes of the system and embedded software system architecture. The result is discovery of system-level faults earlier in the life cycle-reducing risk, cost, and development time. The first phase of this program demonstrated the feasibility of this new development process through a proof of concept which is the topic of this report.

/pdf/system-architecture-virtual-integration-an-industrial-case-58wb9pxu5s.pdf

System Architecture Virtual Integration: An Industrial Case Study

Planning and management of software sustainment is impaired by a lack of consistently applied, practical measures. Without these measures, it is impossible to determine the effect of efforts to improve sustainment practices. In this paper we provide a context for evaluating sustainability and discuss a set of measures developed at the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University.

Measuring software sustainability

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