The fuel crisis with the slumping reserves of fossil fuels and the exponential increase in the demand of energy necessitate a paradigm shift to a more sustainable and eco-friendly energy system. Microalgal biofuel has been recognized as one of the most prominent and versatile alternative renewable energy sources because it can be converted into a wide array of biofuels, such as biodiesel, bioethanol, bioelectricity and biogases such as syngas, methane, hydrogen, and hythane etc., with a lower carbon emission profile. To attain the economic viability of algal fuels, a collective biorefinery approach addressing both the operational and technical limitations is quintessential. The current review critically analyzes and categorizes energy aspects of microalgae through various direct and indirect approaches with the perspective of a circular economy. These approaches include complicated thermochemical and biochemical processes integrating the recovery of a wide range of value-added products apart from biofuels, thus defining a cascading approach for a multi-product-based biorefinery model. A glimpse of recent technological advancements comprising hybrid cultivation systems, prospects of co-culturing, and the role of automated/modeling approaches in the industrial-scale production of “algal-based bioenergy” is also discussed in detail. Further, the review has also scrutinized and highlighted the developments and bottlenecks in genetic and molecular aspects of strain improvement for bioenergy production. Furthermore, the study also correlated the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of producing this green energy by evaluating the prospects and pitfalls to obtain a holistic picture on this alternative fuel for a bio-based sustainable economy. 

Microalgal-Based Bioenergy: Strategies, Prospects, and Sustainability

The aim of this research is to analyze potency and generate organic fertilizer with noneconomic seaweed as material which is bioecologically environment-friendly to stimulate Gracilaria verrucosa production. By utilizing inexpensive and bioecologically beneficial material, it is expected to increase the growth, production, and repair the quality of Gracilaria verrucosa. The specific target of this research is to analyze the effectivity of an-organic fertilizers (urea) with seaweed-based liquid organic fertilizer. The hormone growth of generated urea and seaweed liquid fertilizers is analyzed, including auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, as well as nutrient (macro and micro). Moreover, the fertilizer is tested on Gracilaria verrucosa. Several noneconomic seaweeds (Codium sp., Ulva sp., Padina sp., Amphiroa sp.) are found in waters area of Sulawesi Tengah. Based on laboratory testing result, it shows that organic fertilizer which has good potency by looking at N, P, and K contents is organic fertilizer Ulva sp., with content of N (0.45 mg/L), P (7.67 mg/L), and K (11.06 mg/L). The result of the research shows that there are apparent differences between the tested treatment (p < 0.05) on Gracilaria sp., growth, and the highest testing on giving liquid fertilizer Ulva sp. (71.0 g) with dose 400 mL/15 L water. The result of Gracilaria verrucosa quality by using liquid fertilizer Ulva sp. is 40.89%, urea fertilizer 38.62%, and without fertilizer 32.57%.
 The hormone content of Ulva sp. growth is IAA (0.3961 ppm), gibberellin (36.9595 ppm), and kinetin (3.3718 ppm), and urea fertilizer contains IAA (0.4063 ppm), gibberellin (30.2047 ppm), and kinetin (0.0717 ppm).

/pdf/the-utilization-of-seaweed-based-liquid-organic-fertilizer-4d1rbs5apf.pdf

The utilization of seaweed-based liquid organic fertilizer to stimulate Gracilaria verrucosa growth and quality

This study was aimed to determine the drying kinetics of chilies that have been pretreated with low temperature long time (LTLT) blanching. Drying chilies with LTLT blanching pretreatment at 60, 70, and 80 C for 20 minutes was assigned as treatment in this research. Drying chillies with high temperature short time (HTST) blanching pretreatment, without blanching pretreatment in the dryer, and without blanching pretreatment in direct sunlight were also studied as the comparison. The results showed that chilies treated with blanching pretreatment, both LTLT and HTST, have a faster drying rate and achieve the target moisture content faster than chilies that were not blanched. The color of dried chilies that were dried in a dryer was also better than dried chilies that were dried in the sun. Of all the blanching treatments, chilies with LTLT blanching pretreatment at 80 C for 20 minutes had the fastest drying rate, a drying time of 34 hours, and the attractive dried chilli color. The evaluation results also showed that the Page model was the most suitable model to describe the drying characteristics of chilies with LTLT pretreatment blanching, with R ranging from 0.9913-0.9935, X ranging from 0.0005-0.0009, and RSME ranging from 0.0221-0.0293.

/pdf/kinetika-pengeringan-cabai-dengan-perlakuan-blansing-suhu-1paxdrur96.pdf

Kinetika Pengeringan Cabai dengan Perlakuan Blansing Suhu Rendah-Waktu Lama

Abstrak : Tujuan dari pelaksanaan kegiatan Program Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) kelompok petani rumput laut adalah untuk memberdayakan kelompok petani dalam meningkatkan nilai guna rumput laut Gracilaria sp. melalui penerapan metode pengeringan menggunakan bambu, mengembangkan diversifikasi produk olahan serta memanfaatkan limbah rumput laut sebagai pupuk organik cair (POC) pada tanaman.  Target dan hasil yang diharapkan dari kegiatan ini adalah: 1) Peningkatan keterampilan petani dalam penanganan pasca panen rumput laut sehingga diperoleh rumput laut kering berkualitas, 2) Peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan mitra dalam mengolah rumput laut menjadi produk olahan 3) Petani mampu membuat Pupuk Organik Cair (POC) berbahan dasar limbah rumput laut. Hasil pelaksanaan kegiatan PKM menunjukkan bahwa petani rumput laut yang berada di kecamatan Wara Timur Kota Palopo telah menerapkan teknik penanganan pasca panen yang tepat menggunakan alat bambu, mampu mengolah rumput laut menjadi produk olahan serta meminimalisir limbah rumput laut menjadi produk POC yang bermanfaat. Berdasarkan Penilaian Pelaksanaan Kegiatan pemberdayaan kelompok tani melalui peningkatan nilai guna rumput laut Gracilaria sp oleh mitra menunjukkan rerata skor 4,50 (kategori baik). Abstract: The purpose of the implementation of the Community Partnership Program (CPP) group of seaweed farmers is to empower the group of farmers in increasing the value of the use of Gracillaria sp. seaweed through the application of drying methods using bamboo, developing diversified processed products and utilizing seaweed waste as a liquid organik fertilizer (LOF) on plants. The targets and expected outcomes of this activity are: 1) Improving the skills of farmers in handling post-harvest seaweed to obtain dry seaweed qualified, 2) Increasing the knowledge and skills of partners in processing seaweed into processed products 3) Farmers are able to make LOF from seaweed waste. The results of the implementation of CPP activities shows that seaweed farmers in Wara Timur sub-district of Palopo City have implemented appropriate post-harvest handling techniques using bamboo tools, able to process seaweed into processed products and minimize seaweed waste into useful LOF products. Based on the Assessment of Implementation the empowerment activities of farmer groups through increasing the value of the use of Gracillaria sp. seaweed by partners showed a mean score of 4.50 (good category).

PEMBERDAYAAN KELOMPOK TANI MELALUI PENINGKATAN NILAI GUNA RUMPUT LAUT Gracilaria sp. DI KECAMATAN WARA TIMUR KOTA PALOPO

Abstrak Dalam penelitian ini karakteristik pengeringan dari rumput laut Ulva sp. dan Sargassum sp. telah dipelajari. Proses pengeringan dilakukan pada kondisi variasi suhu 40, 50, dan 60 °C di dalam alat pengering laboratorium. Laju pengeringan dievaluasi dengan empat model pengeringan lapis tipis, yakni Newton, Page, Two-Term, dan Midilli. Model yang paling sesuai ditentukan dari nilai sum square error (SSE) dan root mean square error (RMSE) terendah, serta nilai r tertinggi. Laju pengeringan kedua rumput laut memperlihatkan adanya periode laju pengeringan menurun dan tidak ada periode laju pengeringan konstan pada pengeringan Ulva sp. dan Sargassum sp. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa laju pengeringan meningkat seiring peningkatan kadar air dan suhu, dan laju pengeringan menurun seiring dengan berjalannya waktu. Laju pengeringan tertinggi diperoleh pada suhu 60 °C untuk Ulva sp. dan Sargassum sp. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa model Midilli memiliki nilai SSE dan RMSE terendah, serta nilai r tertinggi. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut model Midilli merupakan model yang paling sesuai untuk menggambarkan laju pengeringan Ulva sp. dan Sargassum sp. Drying Characteristics of Ulva sp. and Sargassum sp. Seaweeds Abstract In this project drying characteristic of Ulva sp. and Sargassum sp. were studied. Drying process was conducted using laboratory scale dryer at various temperatures (40, 50, and 60 °C). Four different thin layer drying models, i.e., Newton, Page, Two-term and Midilli were used to evaluate the drying kinetics. The most appropriate model was determined based on the lowest value of sum square error (SSE) and root mean square error (RMSE), and the highest value of r. There was only decrease period and no constant drying period in drying rate of  Ulva sp. and Sargassum sp. The results showed that drying rate increased as moisture content and temperature increased, while drying rate decreased as drying time increased. The highest drying rate was obtained at 60 °C for  Ulva  sp. and  Sargassum sp. The evaluation reveals that Midilli model has the lowest value of SSE and RMSE and the highest value of r at all condition. Based on the results, it was found that Midilli model was the appropriate model to describe the drying rate of  Ulva sp. And Sargassum sp.

https://www.bbp4b.litbang.kkp.go.id/jurnal-jpbkp/index.php/jpbkp/article/download/515/pdf

Karakteristik Pengeringan Rumput Laut Ulva sp. dan Sargassum sp.

Pembuatan pupuk organik cair berbahan dasar rumput laut untuk mendapatkan pupuk yang kaya kandungan hormon pemacu tumbuh (HPT) telah dilakukan dengan teknik pengomposan. Tiga jenis rumput laut segar yaitu: Eucheuma cottonii, Sargassum sp. dan Gracilaria sp. dikompos (semi-anaerob) selama 30 hari menggunakan drum komposter, dengan ditambahkan bakteri starter komersial dan ikan rucah untuk mempercepat proses penguraian serta menambah unsur hara pupuk cair yang dihasilkan. Pupuk cair (lindi) yang dihasilkan kemudian dianalisis senyawa HPT-nya, meliputi: auksin, giberelin dan sitokinin, serta unsur hara makro dan mikronya. Selanjutnya, pupuk cair diujicobakan terhadap tanaman terung (Solanum melongena) dan tomat (Lycopercisum esculentum). Pupuk organik cair (lindi) hasil proses pengomposan terbukti mengandung senyawa HPT yang tinggi, yaitu: auksin (144–1128 ppm), giberelin (130–1552 ppm), dan sitokinin yang terdiri dari kinetin (58–65 ppm) dan zeatin (65–86 ppm). Sedangkan masing-masing kandungan tertinggi dari senyawa tersebut berturut-turut didapatkan dari rumput laut yang berasal dari E.cottonii, Gracilaria sp. dan Sargassum sp. Jumlah kandungan HPT tersebut lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan jumlah yang terkandung dalam pupuk cair rumput laut komersial, namun unsur hara makro dan mikro yang terkandung masih lebih rendah dari standar pupuk cair organik yang dipersyaratkan. Ujicoba pupuk cair terhadap tanaman terung dan tomat menunjukkan pertumbuhan tanaman yang lebih cepat dibandingkan kontrol.

https://www.bbp4b.litbang.kkp.go.id/jurnal-jpbkp/index.php/jpbkp/article/download/100/66

Pupuk Cair dari Rumput Laut Eucheuma cottonii, Sargassum sp. dan Gracilaria sp. Menggunakan Proses Pengomposan

Studi ini dimaksudkan untuk menginvestigasi karakteristik dan model matematika kurvapengeringan rumput laut  Eucheuma cottonii . Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat digunakanuntuk perancangan alat pengering rumput laut yang efisien. Pengeringan  E.cottonii dilakukandengan menggunakan alat pengering laboratorium terkendali yang dilengkapi dengan sistemakuisisi data dengan kecepatan udara 0,5 m/detik. Empat variasi RH yang dilakukan pada suhu50 °C adalah 30%, 40%, 50% dan 60% serta empat variasi suhu yang dilakukan pada RH 40%adalah 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C dan 70 °C. Tiga model pengeringan yang diuji adalah model Newton, Henderson & Pabis dan Page. Simulasi model yang paling tepat ditentukan berdasarkan nilai R2 yang paling tinggi, serta nilai  sum square error (SSE) dan  root mean square error RMSE yang paling rendah. Laju pengeringan lapis tipis rumput laut  E.cottonii umumnya berada pada periodelaju menurun. Hal ini sesuai dengan karakteristik pengeringan bahan-bahan biopolimer yang umumnya berlangsung dengan laju menurun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan RH cukup efektif dalam menurunkan kadar air dibandingkan peningkatan suhu. Pada RH rendah yaitu 30% suhu 50 °C, penurunan kadar air 50% dicapai dalam waktu 80-85 menit jauh lebih cepat dari RH 60% suhu 50 °C yaitu 165-170 menit. Pada suhu tertinggi yaitu 70 °C RH 40%penurunan kadar air 50% dicapai dalam waktu 90 menit selisih 15 menit lebih cepat dibandingkan suhu terendah yaitu 40 °C RH 40%. Kajian ini mendapati model pengeringan  E.Cotonii yang paling sesuai adalah model pengeringan Page dengan nilai R2, R2 terkoreksi, SSE and RMSE berturut - turut sebesar 0,98-0,99 ; 0,96-0,98 ; 0,0002-0,0126 dan 0,0002- 0,0206.

https://www.bbp4b.litbang.kkp.go.id/jurnal-jpbkp/index.php/jpbkp/article/download/290/pdf

Karakteristik dan Model Matematika Kurva Pengeringan Rumput Laut Eucheuma cottonii

Garam merupakan salah satu jenis bahan pokok kebutuhan masyarakat yang sangat penting. Kebutuhan garam nasional dari tahun ke tahun semakin meningkat, namun jumlah produksinya justru mengalami penurunan. Garam di Indonesia dan negara-negara tropis umumnya diproduksi dengan menggunakan sistem kristalisasi total yang menghasilkan garam dengan kualitas dan kuantitas yang rendah. Kendala lain yaitu jumlah produksi garam nasional yang masih sedikit serta adanya alih fungsi lahan garam. Peningkatan kualitas garam perlu dilakukan, misalnya dengan perbaikan teknologi, pembinaan sistem manajemen mutu, pelatihan teknik produksi, dan bantuan peralatan mesin iodisasi garam. Sedangkan kuantitas produksi garam dapat ditingkatkan dengan program intensifikasi dan ekstensifikasi. Garam merupakan produk sebuah industri dan sekaligus sebagai bahan bantu di berbagai industri lain. Industri pengolahan hasil perikanan, baik tradisional maupun modern memanfaatkan garam sebagai bahan bantu pengolahan produk perikanan. Garam berfungsi sebagai pengawet, penambah cita rasa, maupun untuk memperbaiki penampilan dan tekstur daging ikan. Industri pengolahan tradisional yang memanfaatkan garam misalnya industri pengolahan ikan asin, ikan pindang, dan produk ikan fermentasi. Sedangkan industri pengolahan modern biasanya memanfaatkan garam untuk pembuatan produk surimi dan diversifikasi produk olahannya.

Pemanfaatan garam dalam industri pengolahan produk perikanan

Salt is one of the most important food materials for human life. Although the total consumptionof salt increases every year, the total production decreases. Salt, in Indonesia and other tropicalcountries, is manufactured by using total crystallization system with poor quality and low quantity.The shortcomings in salt production are its low productivity and the function alteration of salt farms.Improving the quality of salt needs to be done, for example by improving technology, qualitymanagement system, trainings, and equipments. Whereas its quantity could be improved byintensification and extensification. Salt is an industrial product and an important material for otherindustries. Fish processing industry, both traditional and modern, uses salt as product processingaid. Salt preserves flavour and enhances the appearance and texture of fish meat. Salt is used intraditional processing industries, to produce dried fish, boiled fish, and fermented fish products.Whereas in modern processing industry, salt is used for the manufacture of surimi products and itsderivatives.

https://bbp4b.litbang.kkp.go.id/squalen-bulletin/index.php/squalen/article/download/58/38

The use of salt in fisheries product processing industry

Currently, requirement of ice as medium fish cooling in PP Sadeng has not been fulfilled. This causes deterioration of fish quality when received by the consumers. The self production of ice blocks using ice maker machine has not solved this problem due to the highly operating costs, especially fuel. Photovoltaic (PV) systems are expected to overcome this problem. PV systems have high potential, since it is clean, environment-friendly, secure, and renewable. This paper explains the stages of PV system design, including PV module size, battery, solar charge controller, inverter, and also economic feasibility analysis. The results show that energy requirement of ice maker machines is 19,383.60 watts. The PV system consists of 40 units of 260 wp PV module, 82 units of battery 12V 100AH, 11 units of solar charge controller 40 A type MPPT, and 20 units of inverter DC-AC pure sine wave 1,200 W. Economic analysis shows that the life cycle cost (LCC) PV system designed is Rp513,704,165 for 25 years and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of PV system is Rp1,401 per kWh.

Perancangan Sistem Photovoltaic untuk Mesin Pembuat Es di Pelabuhan Perikanan Sadeng

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