Noise is one of the most diffused environmental stressors affecting modern life. As such, the scientific community is committed to studying the main emission and transmission mechanisms aiming at reducing citizens' exposure, but is also actively studying the effects that noise has on health. However, scientific literature lacks data on multiple sources of noise and cardiovascular outcomes. The present cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the impact that different types of noise source (road, railway, airport and recreational) in an urban context have on blood pressure variations and hypertension. 517 citizens of Pisa, Italy, were subjected to a structured questionnaire and five measures of blood pressure in one day. Participants were living in the same building for at least 5 years, were aged from 37 to 72 years old and were exposed to one or more noise sources among air traffic, road traffic, railway and recreational noise. Logistic and multivariate linear regression models have been applied in order to assess the association between exposures and health outcomes. The analyses showed that prevalence of high levels of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is consistent with an increase of 5 dB (A) of night-time noise (β = 0.50 95% CI: 0.18-0.81). Furthermore, increased DBP is also positively associated with more noise sensitive subjects, older than 65 years old, without domestic noise protection, or who never close windows. Among the various noise sources, railway noise was found to be the most associated with DBP (β = 0.68; 95% CI: -1.36, 2.72). The obtained relation between DBP and night-time noise levels reinforces current knowledge.

/pdf/effects-of-exposure-to-road-railway-airport-and-recreational-2lh5r9avw5.pdf

Effects of Exposure to Road, Railway, Airport and Recreational Noise on Blood Pressure and Hypertension

A novel method for the synergistic remediation of oil-water mixtures using nanoparticles and oil-degrading bacteria

Path planning for ships assisted by the icebreaker in ice-covered waters in the Northern Sea Route based on optimal control

A framework of measures to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in freight transport: Systematic literature review from a Manufacturer's perspective

Anomaly detection without employing dedicated sensors for each industrial machine is recognized as one of the essential techniques for preventive maintenance and is especially important for factories with low automatization levels, a number of which remain much larger than autonomous manufacturing lines. We have based our research on the hypothesis that real-life sound data from working industrial machines can be used for machine diagnostics. However, the sound data can be contaminated and drowned out by typical factory environmental sound, making the application of sound data-based anomaly detection an overly complicated process and, thus, the main problem we are solving with our approach. In this paper, we present a noise-tolerant deep learning-based methodology for real-life sound-data-based anomaly detection within real-world industrial machinery sound data. The main element of the proposed methodology is a generative adversarial network (GAN) used for the reconstruction of sound signal reconstruction and the detection of anomalies. The experimental results obtained in the Malfunctioning Industrial Machine Investigation and Inspection (MIMII) show the superiority of the proposed methodology over baseline approaches based on the One-Class Support Vector Machine (OC-SVM) and the Autoencoder–Decoder neural network. The proposed schematics using the unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and the mean square error (MSE) loss function with the L2 regularization term showed an improvement of the Area Under Curve (AUC) for the noisy pump data of the pump.

Acoustic Anomaly Detection of Mechanical Failures in Noisy Real-Life Factory Environments

The research problem in this dissertation is an analysis of the impact of internalization of external costs, i.e., the application of the current United Nations and European Union traffic policy, to changes of dynamics, intensity, structure, and directions of freight flows in Northern Adriatic region. Analysis of potential changes in the consolidation of freight flows is carried out under current conditions of the traffic surroundings taking into account the Northern Adriatic and competitive traffic directions as well as the common interest market. The research was carried out on the example of intermodal, maritime-rail transport on the traffic routes from the Far East towards the selected Central European destinations, as the markets of interest for Northern Adriatic ports. The study used statistical methods, the method of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and numerous software tools (EcoTransIT, Frontier Analyst, etc). In this model set up, the North Adriatic transport route towards Central European destinations is more competitive than the alternative, Mediterranean and Northern European directions. Decisiveness in the implementation of the policy of sustainable traffic development and preparedness of North Adriatic ports to provide at least the same quality of service as compared to competitive harbors are preconditions for the potential redirection of freight flows towards the Northern Adriatic region. The results of research confirm the socio-ecological criteria as relevant factors for the formation of freight flows, the sustainability, and competitiveness of the traffic routes, and DEA as a credible method of testing the efficiency of sustainable transport. In the applicative sense, the contribution of this research reflects a present model of predicting the intensity, structure, dynamics, and directions of freight flows, which, by taking into account external costs as a factor of sustainability, will potentially be consolidated otherwise. With the overall growth rate of maritime traffic by 3.2% to 2022, the results predict the dynamics of freight flows growth in Northern Adriatic ports up to 25%, whereas in the Northern European ports the intensity of the freight flows would decrease by 4-5% compared to the referent year 2017.

/pdf/utjecaj-eksternih-troskova-na-formiranje-i-konsolidaciju-3j9kc7cyfl.pdf

Utjecaj eksternih troškova na formiranje i konsolidaciju robnih tokova u sjevernojadranskom području

The proposed paper discusses multimodal container transport due to savings in external costs. Relevant data have been analysed by reviewing previous research and published works for making a synthesis of one’s own conclusions. The research findings showed that there is no significant difference in the share of external costs of container transport and transport of other types of cargo in great European seaports as well as in energy consumption of multimodal rail-inland ship container transport and the same transport mode of bulk cargo. Intermodal terminals have also their own external costs. In spite of a double railway operational cost, it is important to include the railway in the intermodal terminal. The inland waterway transport has much higher external costs than sea transport. Multimodal container transport does not necessarily lower external costs. The savings are more common if the location and type of intermodal terminal are selected properly, and the sea transportation is involved in the multimodal transport chain.

/pdf/comparison-of-external-costs-in-multimodal-container-yuli8yznhu.pdf

Comparison of External Costs in Multimodal Container Transport Chain

The aim of this paper was to determine the economic impact of the transportation sector on the Croatian economy by using input–output analysis. According to the input–output tables for the Croatian economy for 2004, 2010, 2013, and 2015, output and gross value-added multipliers were calculated. The results of the conducted analysis indicated that the multiplicative effects of the transportation sector in Croatia were significant in the observed period, especially for the air transport sector. Furthermore, comparative multiplier analysis with selected European Union countries was performed to assess the Croatian transportation industry position from an international perspective. Lower output and gross value-added multipliers for the Croatian transportation sector imply that old European Union member states capitalized the transportation sector more for growth and development. The Croatian transportation sector recorded lower imported intermediate inputs, average domestic inputs, and higher value-added multipliers similar to new European Union members. Simulations based on multiplicative effects show that restrictions on movements and human contacts, imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, could induce a strong reduction in the economic activity of transport and other sectors that are included in the value-added chain of the transport industry.

The Impact of Transportation on the Croatian Economy: The Input–Output Approach

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a useful method for determining relative efficiency in many types of businesses, including the transport sector. In line with the European Union’s (EU) policy of sustainable development of transport, external costs become the competitiveness factor of the transport route valorization. Presenting specific DEA settings, the paper aims to show and test a developed model for determining the optimal transport route among alternatives towards the same destination where external cost as a socio-ecological factor is included in DEA, along with transport cost (quantitative factor) and transport time (qualitative factor). In order to adhere to the principles of the least possible energy consumption, the given distance that also included in DEA settings represents the shortest route between the starting point and destination, as a unique and constant output variable. Therefore, the optimal direction selected by the DEA stands for the green route. The capabilities of the DEA, set up in this way within the broader model, are demonstrated in the practical case.

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/8/10/735/pdf

Model of Determining the Optimal, Green Transport Route among Alternatives: Data Envelopment Analysis Settings

Branch Xa of Pan-European Transport Corridor X has a strategic importance for Croatia since this corridor (Corridor branch) enables linking of Croatia with Slovenia and Austria, which, according to the current data on the structure of trade in goods from countries, is counted among five most important Croatian trading partners. Therefore, the valorization of the branch of Corridor X has unquestionable importance for the Croatian economy and the associated surroundings that gravitate in the transport route. Conditional on the numerous geo-transport and socioeconomic factors, the valorization of transport corridor on the transport market is determined also by the value of transport (traffic) services that are determined by the costs incurred in its production. Accordingly, the underlying problem of the present study is to analyze the external costs of the branch of Corridor X which, although, belong to the category of social costs borne by society, have the intention to become, over various regulatory measures (excise), an integral part of the costs of the conveyor. With the aim of the research in this study, which, generally, supports the need for internalization of the external costs, as the essential factors of valorization of the transport corridors, a comparative analysis of external costs of the branch of Corridor X between the road and rail transport was performed. As input data, the results of in-depth analysis were used, resulting from the studies of the European Commission for the European Union, specifically Studies for Corridor X and Studies on East-Mediterranean transport routes. The research results show that the mean values of external costs of freight rail transport on the branch Xa are almost five times fewer than the average value of external costs of road transport ( 1 / 2 = 4.88) and that, in accordance with the purpose of these investigations, the internalization of external costs is unquestionably required for planning the traffic flows and valorization of the route.

/pdf/planning-and-valorization-of-the-branch-xa-of-corridor-x-38ynni0tpp.pdf

Planning and valorization of the branch Xa of Corridor X from the aspects of external costs

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