A total of 98 grape cultivars were studied for content and composition of organic acids and sugars in grape juice during two consecutive years. Glucose and fructose were the predominant sugars in grape berries and ranged from 45.86 to 122.89 mg mL−1, and 47.64 to 131.04 mg mL−1, respectively, in two years. Sucrose was present at trace amounts in most cultivars, but two cultivars of hybrids between Vitis labrusca and V. vinifera contained large amounts of sucrose. Tartaric acid content in berries, varying from 1.57 to 9.09 and 1.54 to 9.05 mg mL−1, respectively, in two years, was significantly higher than malic acid, which ranged from 0.38 to 6.05 and 0.36 to 7.06 mg mL−1, respectively, in two years. Moreover, significantly higher total soluble sugars and fructose and lower total acids and malic acid were found in cultivars from hybrids between V. labrusca and V. vinifera than those in V. vinifera cultivars, and wine grapes had higher total sugars and acids than table grapes from V. vinifera. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that genotypic correlations among sugar and acid contents were stable and the first three PCs accounted for about 82% of total variance in both years. PC1 was highly connected with glucose and fructose contents, and sucrose was an important contributor to the variance for PC2, as well as for PC3. PC2 and PC3 were highly connected also with organic acids, but the contributor to variance differed from one year to the next. Tartaric acid was the main contributor to variance in 2003, and malic acid was important in 2004 for PC2 and PC3. In a scatter plot of the score values of all genotypes projected to the PC1 and PC2 plane, three groups of cultivars tend to cluster based on their genetic background or purpose of use. The cultivars of hybrid V. labrusca and V. vinifera were represented by high sugars, especially sucrose, and low acids. Among the cultivars of V. vinifera, wine grapes were found in general to have more sugars and acids than table grapes. The composition of sugars was stable in grape berries between the two years, while acids were sensitive to climate changes. Finally, the different responses of malic and tartaric acids to climate change is discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

Sugar and acid concentrations in 98 grape cultivars analyzed by principal component analysis

Fruit quality attributes were studied for two consecutive years in forty-three apricot cultivars and selections grown in a Mediterranean climate Physical parameters (weight, size, flesh and skin colour, percentage of blush, firmness and percentage of dry matter), chemical parameters (total soluble solids content and acidity) and sensory parameters (attractiveness, taste, aroma and texture) were evaluated A high variability was found in the set of the evaluated apricot genotypes and significant differences were found among them in all studied quality attributes Year-by-year variations were observed for some pomological traits such as harvest date, flesh colour, fruit weight, firmness and soluble solids content A high correlation was found among some apricot quality attributes In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) made it possible to establish similar groups of genotypes depending on their quality characteristics as well as to study relationships among pomological traits in the set of apricot genotypes evaluated

Phenotypic diversity and relationships of fruit quality traits in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) germplasm

Sensory attributes and chemical composition in peach and nectarine fruits of nine different cultivars were evaluated and compared The cultivars investigated in the research were: 'Maria Marta', 'Romestar', '325 x A/8', '224 x A/13', 'V x S/4', 'Bea', 'Maria Aurelia', 'Venus' and 'Spring Red' In sensory evaluation the 'Maria Aurelia' was the highest rated, and the '224 x A/13' was the lowest The cultivars '325 x A/8', '224 x A/13', 'V x S/4' and 'Spring Red' were poor in sugars; however, the 'Spring Red' was rich in organic acids Similarly, the 'Maria Aurelia' and 'Venus' fruits had higher contents of organic acids and were also rich in sugars Furthermore, the relationships among sensory and chemical attributes of fruit quality were studied The sensory evaluations of sweetness, taste, and aroma were well correlated with some chemically measured attributes of peach and nectarine quality: sweetness was influenced by citric acid, shikimic acid and sugars/organic acids ratio; aroma was correlated with total organic acids, sucrose, sorbitol and malic acid; taste was related to malic/citric acid ratio, total sugars, sucrose, sorbitol and malic acid The results of the research indicate that sensory evaluation provides a good tool in the quick assessment of peach and nectarine fruit quality

Evaluation of peach and nectarine fruit quality and correlations between sensory and chemical attributes

The last decade has been characterized by a decrease in peach (Prunus persica) fruit consumption in many countries, foremost due to unsatisfactory quality. The sugar content is one of the most important quality traits perceived by consumers, and the development of novel peach cultivars with sugar-enhanced content is a primary objective of breeding programs to revert the market inertia. Nevertheless, the progress reachable through classical phenotypic selection is limited by the narrow genetic bases of peach breeding material and by the complex quantitative nature of the trait, which is deeply affected by environmental conditions and agronomical management. The development of molecular markers applicable in MAS or MAB has become an essential strategy to boost the selection efficiency. Despite the enormous advances in 'omics' sciences, providing powerful tools for plant genotyping, the identification of the genetic bases of sugar-related traits is hindered by the lack of adequate phenotyping methods that are able to address strong within-plant variability. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the metabolic pathways and physiological mechanisms regulating sugar accumulation in peach fruit, the main advances in phenotyping approaches and genetic background, and finally addressing new research priorities and prospective for breeders.

/pdf/sugars-in-peach-fruit-a-breeding-perspective-34oydpm2tp.pdf

Sugars in peach fruit: a breeding perspective

The organoleptic quality of fresh market tomato can be described by a set of attributes, including fruit appearance, taste, aroma and texture. Sensory analysis is the most-valid method to study organoleptic characteristics, particularly aroma and texture. A range of 144 recombinant inbred lines of tomato derived from a cross between a cherry tomato line and a large-fruited line was evaluated by descriptive sensory profiling. Taste was analyzed through sweetness and sourness, and aroma was analyzed through the overall aroma intensity, together with candy, lemon, citrus-fruit and pharmaceutical aroma. Texture was characterized by firmness, meltiness, mealiness, juiciness and difficulty to swallow the skin. A wide range of overall variation was shown for all the attributes and significant differences among genotypes were detected. The overall aroma intensity was positively correlated with sweetness and sourness, as well as with lemon, candy and citrus fruit aromas. It was negatively correlated with mealiness. Sweetness and sourness were negatively correlated together. Molecular markers were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for each sensory attribute. One to five QTLs were detected, by simple and composite interval mapping, per attribute. The percentage of phenotypic variation explained ranged from 9% to 45% per QTL. Clusters of QTLs were observed on chromosomes 2 and 9, involving QTLs for aroma, taste and texture attributes. Most of the favorable alleles came from the cherry tomato parent, showing the potential usefulness of this line for tomato organoleptic quality improvement.

Genetic analysis of organoleptic quality in fresh market tomato. 2. Mapping QTLs for sensory attributes

Quality evaluation of peaches and nectarines by electrochemical and multivariate analyses: relationships between analytical measurements and sensory attributes

Nuove tipologie di frutto per il mercato delle pesche: nascono le serie "Ufo" e "Ghiaccio"

Several groups are attempting to integrate clinical and biological variables arising from genomics, microenvironment and immune function in Multiple myeloma (MM) evolutionary path. However, it is hard to develop a taxonomy that could take in account the intra-patient heterogeneity of neoplastic plasma cells (PCs), their interaction with microenvironment and emerging cell-extrinsic factors to predict the disease evolution in each individual patient. Ecological interactions between different cell stocks are recognized as fundamental at the mesoscale, addressing the possibility of a description that uses language and concepts of ecology to address their complex interaction dynamics. Nevertheless, a comprehensive biophysical framework encompassing growth, adaptation and survival of cell populations is still lacking to describe the dynamic evolution of MM. Taking advantage of mathematical modelling and system dynamics, we propose to describe the evolution of MGUS into MM as a unique complex system in dynamic balance. Dynamic models, where the temporal evolution of extensive variables can be simulated in the form of configurations, derive their initial conditions from available and assessed evidence. Varying the key system parameters, trajectories represent the possible evolutive (structural) patterns of the system at issue, becoming abstracted with respect to local specific attributes related to single case studies. By a properly identified physical-based state space, we show a method to classify cell population growth regimes under limited resource availability from measures of ATP power generation and dissipation. The maximum power state naturally emerges as the thermodynamic limit for such constrained systems. The competition for limited space between different phenotypes of antagonist populations exhibits a class of regime shifts to more stable and dissipative states for selective advantaged populations operating closer to the thermodynamic limit. The critical time for the transitions is controlled by the strength of the actual biochemical interaction. At time of MM onset, the presence of several accountable variables confers a complex network of feedbacks leading to specific systemic configurations, which can evolve to maximize the persistence of neoplastic PCs, thus changing the system structure, output, and purpose (a pattern that we call in clinics Multiple Myeloma) or to be so resilient to co-evolve with neoplastic PCs (a pattern that we call in clinics MGUS or sMM). At any timepoint, under the pressure of external driver forces, which cannot be evaluated separately (e.g. new mutations, immune system dysregulation, inflammaging), the dynamic configurations could evolve to achieve a new stationary status in a pattern which identifies a new disease phase, which could still evolve in presence of additional external driver forces and so on. Thus, our modeling approach is relevant for biophysical and biomedical research as it represents a novelty in the description of MM evolution, using systemic stock-flow diagrams that address feedback mechanisms and trade-offs operating at the cell population level.

P06 modeling dynamic evolution of multiple myeloma studying cell populations metabolism and competition under maximum power constraints: a systems-thinking based approach

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Quality evaluation of peaches and nectarines by electrochemical and multivariate analyses: relationships between analytical measurements and sensory attributes

Nuove tipologie di frutto per il mercato delle pesche: nascono le serie "Ufo" e "Ghiaccio"

P06 modeling dynamic evolution of multiple myeloma studying cell populations metabolism and competition under maximum power constraints: a systems-thinking based approach