IoT security: Review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges

Physical layer security (PLS) has emerged as a new concept and powerful alternative that can complement and may even replace encryption-based approaches, which entail many hurdles and practical problems for future wireless systems. The basic idea of PLS is to exploit the characteristics of the wireless channel and its impairments including noise, fading, interference, dispersion, diversity, etc. in order to ensure the ability of the intended user to successfully perform data decoding while preventing eavesdroppers from doing so. Thus, the main design goal of PLS is to increase the performance difference between the link of the legitimate receiver and that of the eavesdropper by using well-designed transmission schemes. In this survey, we propose a conceptual, generic, and expandable framework for classifying the existing PLS techniques against wireless passive eavesdropping. In this flexible framework, the security techniques that we comprehensively review in this treatise are divided into two primary approaches: signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio-based approach and complexity-based approach. The first approach is classified into three major categories: first, secrecy channel codes-based schemes; second, security techniques based on channel adaptation; third, schemes based on injecting interfering artificial (noise/jamming) signals along with the transmitted information signals. The second approach (complexity-based), which is associated with the mechanisms of extracting secret sequences from the shared channel, is classified into two main categories based on which layer the secret sequence obtained by channel quantization is applied on. The techniques belonging to each one of these categories are divided and classified into three main signal domains: time, frequency and space. For each one of these domains, several examples are given and illustrated along with the review of the state-of-the-art security advances in each domain. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of each approach alongside the lessons learned from existing research works are stated and discussed. The recent applications of PLS techniques to different emerging communication systems such as visible light communication, body area network, power line communication, Internet of Things, smart grid, mm-Wave, cognitive radio, vehicular ad-hoc network, unmanned aerial vehicle, ultra-wideband, device-to-device, radio-frequency identification, index modulation, and 5G non-orthogonal multiple access based-systems, are also reviewed and discussed. The paper is concluded with recommendations and future research directions for designing robust, efficient and strong security methods for current and future wireless systems.

Classifications and Applications of Physical Layer Security Techniques for Confidentiality: A Comprehensive Survey

The world is resorting to the Internet of Things (IoT) for ease of control and monitoring of smart devices. The ubiquitous use of IoT ranges from industrial control systems (ICS) to e-Health, e-Commerce, smart cities, supply chain management, smart cars, cyber physical systems (CPS), and a lot more. Such reliance on IoT is resulting in a significant amount of data to be generated, collected, processed, and analyzed. The big data analytics is no doubt beneficial for business development. However, at the same time, numerous threats to the availability and privacy of the user data, message, and device integrity, the vulnerability of IoT devices to malware attacks and the risk of physical compromise of devices pose a significant danger to the sustenance of IoT. This paper thus endeavors to highlight most of the known threats at various layers of the IoT architecture with a focus on the anatomy of malware attacks. We present a detailed attack methodology adopted by some of the most successful malware attacks on IoT, including ICS and CPS. We also deduce an attack strategy of a distributed denial of service attack through IoT botnet followed by requisite security measures. In the end, we propose a composite guideline for the development of an IoT security framework based on industry best practices and also highlight lessons learned, pitfalls and some open research challenges.

/pdf/anatomy-of-threats-to-the-internet-of-things-mpzk1hi6sq.pdf

Anatomy of Threats to the Internet of Things

Physical layer security (PLS) has been extensively explored as an alternative to conventional cryptographic schemes for securing wireless links. Many studies have shown that the cooperation between the legitimate nodes of a network can significantly enhance their secret communications performance, relative to the noncooperative case. Motivated by the importance of this class of PLS systems, this paper provides a comprehensive survey of the recent works on cooperative relaying and jamming techniques for securing wireless transmissions against eavesdropping nodes, which attempt to intercept the transmissions. First, it provides a in-depth overview of various secure relaying strategies and schemes. Next, a review of recently proposed solutions for cooperative jamming techniques is provided with an emphasis on power allocation and beamforming techniques. Then, the latest developments in hybrid techniques, which use both cooperative relaying and jamming, are elaborated. Finally, several key challenges in the domain of cooperative security are presented along with an extensive discussion on the applications of cooperative security in key enablers for 5G communications, such as nonorthogonal multiple access, device-to-device communications, and massive multiple-input multiple-output systems.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-survey-on-cooperative-relaying-and-jamming-2v9tg95dyf.pdf

A Comprehensive Survey on Cooperative Relaying and Jamming Strategies for Physical Layer Security

The Internet of Things (IoTs) enables coupling of digital and physical objects using worthy communication technologies and introduces a future vision where computing systems, users and objects cooperate for convenience and economic benefits. Such a vision requires seamless security, data privacy, authentication and robustness against attacks. These attributes can be introduced by blockchain, a distributed ledger that maintains an immutable log of network transactions. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review on how to remodel blockchain to the specific IoT needs in order to develop Blockchain based IoT (BIoT) applications and aim to shape a coherent picture of the current state-of-the-art efforts in this direction. After describing the basic characteristics and requirements of IoT, evolution of blockchain is presented. In this regard, we start with the fundamental working principles of blockchain and how such systems achieve auditability, security and decentralization. Further, we describe the most relevant BIoT applications, its architecture design and security aspects. From there, we build our narrative on the centralized IoT challenges followed by recent advances towards solving them. Finally, some future directions are enumerated with the aim to guide future BIoT researchers on challenges that needs to be considered ahead of deploying the next generation of BIoT applications.

Unification of Blockchain and Internet of Things (BIoT): requirements, working model, challenges and future directions

This paper deals with the problem of securing the configuration phase of an Internet of Things (IoT) system. The main drawbacks of current approaches are the focus on specific techniques and methods, and the lack of a cross layer vision of the problem. In a smart environment, each IoT device has limited resources and is often battery operated with limited capabilities (e.g., no keyboard). As a consequence, network security must be carefully analyzed in order to prevent security and privacy issues. In this paper, we will analyze the IoT threats, we will propose a security framework for the device initialization and we will show how physical layer security can effectively boost the security of IoT systems.

/pdf/the-role-of-physical-layer-security-in-iot-a-novel-2w36k2c7qx.pdf

The Role of Physical Layer Security in IoT: A Novel Perspective

The IoT paradigm is continuously growing, but the security is not taken into account as it should. The standards allows the use of cryptographic suites at various layer (network, IP, application, etc.) to protect the user privacy and the network operations. However, the encryption key management schemes are often neglected. We propose a method that leverages the physical layer security to establish a secure channel which allows a secure exchange of cryptographic keys, enhancing the security while maintaining a very low management overhead, i.e., with minimal interference on the normal user workflow. The proposed method is briefly analyzed and the implementation efforts are detailed and discussed.

Physical Layer Security for IoT Devices Configuration and Key Management - a Proof of Concept

Physical layer security for IoT devices configuration and key management - a Proof of Concept

Traffic Engineering is one of the building blocks for a correct network planning. Internet Service Providers are always trying to fulfill the user Quality of Experience (QoE). However, each technological advance brings new services to the user, with new challenges to be solved to maintain the QoE.

/pdf/the-effect-of-video-caching-on-network-resource-planning-a-21vbe3gp7r.pdf

The Effect of Video Caching on Network Resource Planning - A Real-Case Study

In this paper, we propose a novel architecture to address the problem of application Quality of Experience (QoE) management for rapidly evolving and heterogeneous network scenarios. The proposed architecture can be used for mixed Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) and Wi-Fi systems, and it can be used to enhance the effectiveness of next-generation Software Defined Network (SDN). Thanks to the elements described in this paper, the Applications can interact in a secure and controlled way with the network QoE management entities. This allows to have a better system flexibility, scalability and enables to use advanced QoE support mechanisms for rapidly evolving user scenarios.

Enhance the QoE for smartphone applications: An API approach for QoS control in LTE-A

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