Molecular imprinting technology (MIT), often described as a method of making a molecular lock to match a molecular key, is a technique for the creation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with tailor-made binding sites complementary to the template molecules in shape, size and functional groups. Owing to their unique features of structure predictability, recognition specificity and application universality, MIPs have found a wide range of applications in various fields. Herein, we propose to comprehensively review the recent advances in molecular imprinting including versatile perspectives and applications, concerning novel preparation technologies and strategies of MIT, and highlight the applications of MIPs. The fundamentals of MIPs involving essential elements, preparation procedures and characterization methods are briefly outlined. Smart MIT for MIPs is especially highlighted including ingenious MIT (surface imprinting, nanoimprinting, etc.), special strategies of MIT (dummy imprinting, segment imprinting, etc.) and stimuli-responsive MIT (single/dual/multi-responsive technology). By virtue of smart MIT, new formatted MIPs gain popularity for versatile applications, including sample pretreatment/chromatographic separation (solid phase extraction, monolithic column chromatography, etc.) and chemical/biological sensing (electrochemical sensing, fluorescence sensing, etc.). Finally, we propose the remaining challenges and future perspectives to accelerate the development of MIT, and to utilize it for further developing versatile MIPs with a wide range of applications (650 references).

http://ir.yic.ac.cn/bitstream/133337/17045/1/Molecular%20imprinting%20perspectives%20and%20applications.pdf

Molecular imprinting: perspectives and applications

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), as artificially fabricated selective absorbents, have exhibited great potential for selective separation and enrichment of trace targets in complicated matrix. However, preparing MIPs for specific recognition in aqueous matrix often face enormous challenges, which greatly limit the wide application of MIPs for selectively analyzing targets in water-containing samples. Herein, we summarize various smart preparation strategies of MIPs for specific recognition in aqueous matrix (call as aqueous-recognition MIPs for short) in recent years, including free radical polymerization (regulating the preparation environment, introducing non-hydrogen bonding interactions, utilizing hydrophilic monomer or hydrophilic crosslinker, surface modification, etc.) and non-free radical polymerization (sol-gel route, chemical/natural polymer assembly, hydrophilic molecularly imprinted resin, etc.). Meanwhile, we focus on the application of aqueous-recognition MIPs in sample pretreatment for analysis of targets in aqueous samples. Finally, the faced challenges and future perspectives in this area are presented.

Recent advances and trends of molecularly imprinted polymers for specific recognition in aqueous matrix: Preparation and application in sample pretreatment

Emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disrupting compounds are ever-present in environmental matrices and they are known to pose negative effects on living organisms. The determination of these pollutants in different environmental matrices (such as water, soil, and sediments, among others) frequently requires separation techniques that are capable of high efficiency, unique selectivity and high sensitivity. However, direct analysis of these pollutants in complex matrices is difficult. For this reason, rapid, inexpensive, efficient and environmentally friendly sample preparation techniques have been developed prior to chromatographic quantification. Therefore, the aim of this article is to review recent publications (2010–2016) on modern sample preparation techniques combined with chromatographic techniques for identification and quantification of emerging pollutants in environmental matrices. These sample preparation techniques include solid phase extraction, solid phase microextraction, liquid-liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, liquid-phase microextraction techniques, stir bar sorptive extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction, among others.

Current sample preparation methodologies for analysis of emerging pollutants in different environmental matrices

A critical review of molecularly imprinted polymers for the analysis of organic pollutants in environmental water samples.

Analytical methodologies for the determination of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in sewage sludge: a critical review.

Water-compatible magnetic imprinted nanoparticles served as solid-phase extraction sorbents for selective determination of trace 17beta-estradiol in environmental water samples by liquid chromatography.

We report a core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer with high affinity through a facile sol-gel method for the selective adsorption of bovine hemoglobin from real bovine blood. Copper ions grafted on the surface of the matrix could immobilize template protein through chelation, which greatly enhances the orderliness of imprinted cavities and affinity of polymers. The obtained products exhibit a desired level of magnetic susceptibility, resulting in the highly efficient adsorption process. The results of adsorption experiments show that the saturation adsorption capacity of imprinted products could reach 116.3 mg/g within 30 min. Meanwhile, the specific binding experiment demonstrates the high selectivity of polymers for bovine hemoglobin. Furthermore, satisfactory reusability is demonstrated by ten adsorption-desorption cycles with no obvious deterioration in binding capacity. Electrophoretic analysis suggests the polymer could be used successfully in separation and enrichment of bovine hemoglobin from the bovine blood sample, which exhibits potential application in pretreatment of proteomics.

Selective adsorption of protein by a high-efficiency Cu(2+) -cooperated magnetic imprinted nanomaterial.

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Water-compatible magnetic imprinted nanoparticles served as solid-phase extraction sorbents for selective determination of trace 17beta-estradiol in environmental water samples by liquid chromatography.

Selective adsorption of protein by a high-efficiency Cu(2+) -cooperated magnetic imprinted nanomaterial.