Review of drop impact on heated walls

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Hybrid Membranes Dispersed with Superhydrophilic TiO2 Nanotubes Toward Ultra‐Stable and High‐Performance Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

Recent developments of jet impingement nucleate boiling

A unique liquid film lift-off during a falling water droplet impacting on a heated titanium oxide nanotube surface has been experimentally revealed through a high speed visualization system. It is suggested that the Leidenfrost point on the nanotube surface has been significantly delayed, as compared to that on the bare titanium surface. Such delay is inferred to be a result of the increase in the surface wettability and the capillary effect by the nanoscale tube structure. By measuring the liquid lift-off distance from the substrate surface, a droplet lift-off is typically divided into four stages, namely, first contact, first lift-off, second contact, and second lift-off. The residence time at each stage is quantitatively evaluated. As the surface temperature increases, the duration time is significantly reduced for both the first contact and the first lift-off stages.

Unique lift-off of droplet impact on high temperature nanotube surfaces

The hydrodynamic patterns of the impingement of a water droplet train on a high temperature substrate are captured with a high-speed camera, and then analyzed. The tested droplets range from 8.8 m s−1 to 18.9 m s−1 in velocity, from 92 μm to 121 μm in diameter and from 28.01 kHz to 56.56 kHz in frequency. Three different orientations of the impact droplet trains are tested. It is found that the hydrodynamic pattern varies significantly with the wall temperature. The time-independent spreading diameter as well as the stable splashing angle reduces with the increase in wall temperature. The two transitions exist in all the experiments with various droplet impact velocities, frequencies or impact angles. Once the splashing is established, the size, the velocity magnitude and the moving direction of splashed secondary droplets obey a bell-shaped distribution. A lower impact velocity renders a wider range of the secondary droplet sizes. The lowest impact velocity case presents outstanding splashing characteristics in the post-transition regime, indicating that an impact velocity of around 10 m s−1 would be a threshold. Those two transitions are not notably influenced by the droplet frequency but significantly affected by the impact angle. The transition of the splashing angle is observed at a lower wall temperature when the droplet train is inclined.

The transitions of time-independent spreading diameter and splashing angle when a droplet train impinging onto a hot surface

Effect of conjugation on jet impingement boiling heat transfer

Unlike the traditionally reported Leidenfrost droplet which only floats on a thin film of vapor, we observe a prominent jump of the impinged droplets in the transition from the contact boiling to the Leidenfrost state. The vapor generation between the droplet and the substrate is vigorous enough to propel the spreading droplet pancake to an anomalous height. The maximum repellent height can be treated as an index of the total transferred energy. Counterintuitively, a stronger vaporization and a higher jump can be generated in the conditions normally considered to be unfavorable to heat transfer, such as a lower substrate temperature, a lower droplet impact velocity, a higher droplet temperature, or a lower thermal conductivity of the deposition on the substrate. Since the total transferred energy is the accumulation of the instantaneous heat flux during the droplet contacting with the substrate, it can be deduced that a longer contact time period is secured in the case of a lower instantaneous heat flux. The inference is supported by our experimental observations. Moreover, the phase diagrams describe the characteristics of the high repellency under different substrate temperatures, droplet subcooling temperatures, and Weber numbers. It allows us to manipulate the droplet jump for the relative applications.

/pdf/high-jump-of-impinged-droplets-before-leidenfrost-state-4qexcg6l11.pdf

High jump of impinged droplets before Leidenfrost state.

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