An important aspect of below-ground crop physiology is its root foraging performance, which is inherently related to root system architecture (RSA). A 2-yr field experiment was conducted and the field-state wheat RSA was phenotyped for root foraging trait (RFT). Four RSA-derived traits, i.e. Root horizontal angle (RHA), axial root expansion volume (AREV), RSA convex hull volume (CHV) and effective volume per unit root length (EVURL), were analyzed for RFTs in response to environment × management interactions. Results showed a dynamical RHA process but without statistical difference both within crop seasons and tillage treatments. AREV increased with root developmental stages, revealing an overall better root performance in the first year. However, tillage treatments did not induce observed difference within both crop seasons. CHV varied drastically from year to year and between tillage treatments, correlating well to the root length, but not with RHA. EVURL was both sensitive to tillage treatments and crop seasons, being a potential indicator for RFT. Above all, tillage effect on RFT was statistically far less than that induced by crop seasons. Pro/E assisted modeling can be used as an effective means for phenotyping integrated, RSA-derived, RFTs for root foraging response to induced environment × management interactions.

Phenotyping field-state wheat root system architecture for root foraging traits in response to environment×management interactions

In this study, the data of the typical paddy fields from 63 soil series of hydragric anthrosols (paddy soil) and 26 paddy fields under tobacco-rice rotation in Huan province of China were used to assess the current thickness of the plough layers of the paddy fields, set up the criterion of deep-ploughing (30 cm in this study) feasibility for the paddy fields, and predict the possible changes of soil nutrient contents in the new plough layers after deep-ploughing. The results showed that the mean thickness of current Ap1 was 15.3 cm, and 93.2% of the paddy fields were lower than the ideal depth of 20 cm. The criterion of deep-ploughing feasibility was established by comparing the textures and bulk densities of the plow-pan (Ap2) and the below adjacent hydragric horizon (Br1), i.e., Br1 is not finer than Ap2 in texture and more compacted than Ap2 in bulk density, and was preliminarily validated by a real deep-ploughing test. 69.8% of the paddy fields were feasible to deep-ploughing according to the proposed feasibility criterion. The contents of main nutrients would be significantly decreased after deep-ploughing, which indicate more fertilizers should be applied after deep-ploughing in order to maintain and promote soil fertility and the crop yields.

Deep-ploughing reduced nutrient contents in plough layer of paddy field-a case study of Hunan Province, China

Explaining the physiological and ecological effects of wheat population density can provide new research methods for field crop production. A three-year field trial under drill single-seed seeding was conducted, which used three different intra-row seed-seedling spacings to quantitatively analyze the density effect from three perspectives—population, individual plant, and single-stem panicle—at the winter wheat harvest. The results showed that year and density had significant effects on both the population and individual plant yield (p < 0.05), as well as on some yield components and biomass indicators. The interaction between planting density and annual climate was found only in the number of grains for both the entire population and individual plants. With the increase in planting density, the CI gradually increased, inhibiting the growth of individual plants and leading to a negative impact on monoculture wheat yield. The drill single-seed seeding method can provide a basic experiment condition for analyzing the density effect. The density effect of wheat populations originates from intraspecific competition, which mainly affects the growth of individual plants. Research based on the analysis of density effects from the perspectives of population, individual plants, and single-stem panicles can provide a methodological reference for precision agriculture.

Analysis of Multiangle Wheat Density Effects Based on Drill Single-Seed Seeding

The estimation of wheat grain yield based on a composite of morphological features and mass of wheat organs was introduced in this study. The morphological features (length, width, and perimeter for the wheat stem and ear) were extracted by a computer vision system whose performance was evaluated by correlating the measured and estimated perimeter and length of the wheat stem at an of 0.9609 and 0.9779, respectively. Six regression models were developed based on the extracted features. The linear regression based on the wet weight of the stem, the ear, and the leaves outperformed all the other statistical models explored with an of 0.9893 and an RMSE of 0.0684 mm in estimating the dry grain yield with wet wheat organ mass as the predictors. This proposed system can be applied as nondestructive in a field technique for wheat phenotyping. Additionally, it can be applied to other similar crops.

/pdf/wheat-grain-yield-estimation-based-on-image-morphological-2m5de4v0hs.pdf

Wheat Grain Yield Estimation Based on Image Morphological Properties and Wheat Biomass

We investigated a method to quantify field-state wheat RSA in a phenotyping way, depicting the 3D topology of wheat RSA in 14d periods. The phenotyping procedure, proposed for understanding the spatio-temporal variations of root-soil interaction and the RSA dynamics in the field, is realized with a set of indices of mm scale precision, illustrating the gradients of both wheat root angle and elongation rate along soil depth, as well as the foraging potential along the side directions. The 70d was identified as the shifting point distinguishing the linear root length elongation from power-law development. Root vertical angle in the 40 mm surface soil layer was the largest, but steadily decreased along the soil depth. After 98d, larger root vertical angle appeared in the deep soil layers. PAC revealed a stable root foraging potential in the 0–70d period, which increased rapidly afterwards (70–112d). Root foraging potential, explained by MaxW/MaxD ratio, revealed an enhanced gravitropism in 14d period. No-till post-paddy wheat RLD decreased exponentially in both depth and circular directions, with 90% roots concentrated within the top 20 cm soil layer. RER along soil depth was either positive or negative, depending on specific soil layers and the sampling time.

/pdf/phenotyping-for-the-dynamics-of-field-wheat-root-system-2hnlmi9wrn.pdf

Phenotyping for the dynamics of field wheat root system architecture

Effect of stratified rotary tillage on paddy soil physical properties.

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Effect of stratified rotary tillage on paddy soil physical properties.