Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease

Objective:To assess the magnitude and direction of associations of depression with C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 in community and clinical samples.Methods:Systematic review of articles published between January 1967 and January 2008 in the PubMed and PsycINFO electronic data

Associations of Depression With C-Reactive Protein, IL-1, and IL-6 : A Meta-Analysis

The recent sequencing of the entire genomes of Mycoplasma genitalium and M. pneumoniae has attracted considerable attention to the molecular biology of mycoplasmas, the smallest self-replicating organisms. It appears that we are now much closer to the goal of defining, in molecular terms, the entire machinery of a self-replicating cell. Comparative genomics based on comparison of the genomic makeup of mycoplasmal genomes with those of other bacteria, has opened new ways of looking at the evolutionary history of the mycoplasmas. There is now solid genetic support for the hypothesis that mycoplasmas have evolved as a branch of gram-positive bacteria by a process of reductive evolution. During this process, the mycoplasmas lost considerable portions of their ancestors’ chromosomes but retained the genes essential for life. Thus, the mycoplasmal genomes carry a high percentage of conserved genes, greatly facilitating gene annotation. The significant genome compaction that occurred in mycoplasmas was made possible by adopting a parasitic mode of life. The supply of nutrients from their hosts apparently enabled mycoplasmas to lose, during evolution, the genes for many assimilative processes. During their evolution and adaptation to a parasitic mode of life, the mycoplasmas have developed various genetic systems providing a highly plastic set of variable surface proteins to evade the host immune system. The uniqueness of the mycoplasmal systems is manifested by the presence of highly mutable modules combined with an ability to expand the antigenic repertoire by generating structural alternatives, all compressed into limited genomic sequences. In the absence of a cell wall and a periplasmic space, the majority of surface variable antigens in mycoplasmas are lipoproteins. Apart from providing specific antimycoplasmal defense, the host immune system is also involved in the development of pathogenic lesions and exacerbation of mycoplasma induced diseases. Mycoplasmas are able to stimulate as well as suppress lymphocytes in a nonspecific, polyclonal manner, both in vitro and in vivo. As well as to affecting various subsets of lymphocytes, mycoplasmas and mycoplasma-derived cell components modulate the activities of monocytes/macrophages and NK cells and trigger the production of a wide variety of up-regulating and down-regulating cytokines and chemokines. Mycoplasma-mediated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-6, by macrophages and of up-regulating cytokines by mitogenically stimulated lymphocytes plays a major role in mycoplasma-induced immune system modulation and inflammatory responses.

Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas

Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection.

IBD, comprising Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic immunologically mediated disease at the intersection of complex interactions between genetics, environment and gut microbiota. Established high-prevalence populations of IBD in North America and Europe experienced the steepest increase in incidence towards the second half of the twentieth century. Furthermore, populations previously considered 'low risk' (such as in Japan and India) are witnessing an increase in incidence. Potentially relevant environmental influences span the spectrum of life from mode of childbirth and early-life exposures (including breastfeeding and antibiotic exposure in infancy) to exposures later on in adulthood (including smoking, major life stressors, diet and lifestyle). Data support an association between smoking and Crohn's disease whereas smoking cessation, but not current smoking, is associated with an increased risk of ulcerative colitis. Dietary fibre (particularly fruits and vegetables), saturated fats, depression and impaired sleep, and low vitamin D levels have all been associated with incident IBD. Interventional studies assessing the effects of modifying these risk factors on natural history and patient outcomes are an important unmet need. In this Review, the changing epidemiology of IBD, mechanisms behind various environmental associations and interventional studies to modify risk factors and disease course are discussed.

Epidemiology and risk factors for IBD

Lange Zeit blieb unklar, inwieweit immunologische Mechanismen zur Therapie von malignen Erkrankungen beitragen konnen. Mittlerweile ist jedoch bewiesen, dass unser Immunsystem sich als ein effizientes Verteidigungswerkzeug gegenuber malignen Erkrankungen darstellt. Aufgrund zunehmender Erkenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der Tumorimmunologie und neuer immunologischer Therapieansatze, die zunehmend erfolgversprechend sind, ist die Immunonkologie ein groses Teilgebiet der Krebsmedizin geworden. Der vorliegende komprimierte Ubersichtsartikel soll wesentliche Grundlagen der Tumorimmunologie darstellen mit Schwerpunkt auf immunologischen Mechanismen der Tumorabwehr sowie Verteidigungsmechanismen des Tumors. An gesonderten Stellen wird auf einzelne immuntherapeutische Ansatze in der Klinik hingewiesen, um das Gebiet der immunologischen Onkologie in vereinfachter Darstellung einer breiten Zuhorerschaft zuganglich zu machen. Der Artikel ist auf Basis derzeitiger Lehrmeinungen sowie aktueller Fachliteratur entstanden. Die Literaturrecherche erfolgte primar uber die Datenbank PubMed sowie im Hinblick auf derzeit aktive klinische Studien erfolgte die Datenakquisition uber „Clinicaltrials.gov“. Neue immuntherapeutische Ansatze zeigen sehr vielversprechende Ergebnisse. Es ist zu erwarten, dass ein zunehmendes immunologisches Verstandnis auch zu weiteren neuen Therapien auf dem Gebiet der Onkologie fuhren wird. Besonders die Kombination verschiedenster immuntherapeutischer Mechanismen erscheint zukunftsweisend.

Grundlagen der Tumorimmunologie

Die Rolle von Zinkionen in der Signaltransduktion von Monozyten

Untersuchung von Zinksignalen während Aktivierung und Reifung in Monozyten

The characterization of major histocompatibility complex class II signal transduction pathways in antigen presenting cells

Conventional PCR techniques are laborious and usually not suited for fast screening of large sample numbers in a clinical or research setting. Using this closed-tube multiplex real-time PCR, the presence of all 11 Streptococcus pyogenes superantigen (SAg) genes can be rapidly and accurately characterized. Identifying whether a strain contains a SAg can be done within 4 h compared to conventional methods which would take 11 times as long. This method provides an excellent diagnostic tool as well as a screening tool to help researchers clarify the role of SAgs in S. pyogenes infections.

Closed-Tube Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Detection of Group A Streptococcal Superantigens.

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