Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease

Objective:To assess the magnitude and direction of associations of depression with C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 in community and clinical samples.Methods:Systematic review of articles published between January 1967 and January 2008 in the PubMed and PsycINFO electronic data

Associations of Depression With C-Reactive Protein, IL-1, and IL-6 : A Meta-Analysis

The recent sequencing of the entire genomes of Mycoplasma genitalium and M. pneumoniae has attracted considerable attention to the molecular biology of mycoplasmas, the smallest self-replicating organisms. It appears that we are now much closer to the goal of defining, in molecular terms, the entire machinery of a self-replicating cell. Comparative genomics based on comparison of the genomic makeup of mycoplasmal genomes with those of other bacteria, has opened new ways of looking at the evolutionary history of the mycoplasmas. There is now solid genetic support for the hypothesis that mycoplasmas have evolved as a branch of gram-positive bacteria by a process of reductive evolution. During this process, the mycoplasmas lost considerable portions of their ancestors’ chromosomes but retained the genes essential for life. Thus, the mycoplasmal genomes carry a high percentage of conserved genes, greatly facilitating gene annotation. The significant genome compaction that occurred in mycoplasmas was made possible by adopting a parasitic mode of life. The supply of nutrients from their hosts apparently enabled mycoplasmas to lose, during evolution, the genes for many assimilative processes. During their evolution and adaptation to a parasitic mode of life, the mycoplasmas have developed various genetic systems providing a highly plastic set of variable surface proteins to evade the host immune system. The uniqueness of the mycoplasmal systems is manifested by the presence of highly mutable modules combined with an ability to expand the antigenic repertoire by generating structural alternatives, all compressed into limited genomic sequences. In the absence of a cell wall and a periplasmic space, the majority of surface variable antigens in mycoplasmas are lipoproteins. Apart from providing specific antimycoplasmal defense, the host immune system is also involved in the development of pathogenic lesions and exacerbation of mycoplasma induced diseases. Mycoplasmas are able to stimulate as well as suppress lymphocytes in a nonspecific, polyclonal manner, both in vitro and in vivo. As well as to affecting various subsets of lymphocytes, mycoplasmas and mycoplasma-derived cell components modulate the activities of monocytes/macrophages and NK cells and trigger the production of a wide variety of up-regulating and down-regulating cytokines and chemokines. Mycoplasma-mediated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-6, by macrophages and of up-regulating cytokines by mitogenically stimulated lymphocytes plays a major role in mycoplasma-induced immune system modulation and inflammatory responses.

Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas

Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection.

IBD, comprising Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic immunologically mediated disease at the intersection of complex interactions between genetics, environment and gut microbiota. Established high-prevalence populations of IBD in North America and Europe experienced the steepest increase in incidence towards the second half of the twentieth century. Furthermore, populations previously considered 'low risk' (such as in Japan and India) are witnessing an increase in incidence. Potentially relevant environmental influences span the spectrum of life from mode of childbirth and early-life exposures (including breastfeeding and antibiotic exposure in infancy) to exposures later on in adulthood (including smoking, major life stressors, diet and lifestyle). Data support an association between smoking and Crohn's disease whereas smoking cessation, but not current smoking, is associated with an increased risk of ulcerative colitis. Dietary fibre (particularly fruits and vegetables), saturated fats, depression and impaired sleep, and low vitamin D levels have all been associated with incident IBD. Interventional studies assessing the effects of modifying these risk factors on natural history and patient outcomes are an important unmet need. In this Review, the changing epidemiology of IBD, mechanisms behind various environmental associations and interventional studies to modify risk factors and disease course are discussed.

Epidemiology and risk factors for IBD

Simple Summary This article is of special interest for understanding the detriments of zinc deficiency and the benefits of zinc supplementation for aquacultures of Asian sea bass. We found that altering extracellular zinc conditions significantly affected the expression of certain zinc transporters and zinc-binding proteins as well as intracellular free zinc levels in cells from Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer, SF cells). Interestingly, we detected no difference in the effects of organic compared to inorganic zinc supplements, when the same molar concentrations were added to the cultures. Moreover, changes in extracellular zinc conditions impacted on the expression of genes related to the redox balance and to growth hormone metabolism. Our data indicate that zinc deficiency induces a stress response in cells from Asian sea bass, which may be avoided when sufficient amounts of zinc are provided to the cells. We identified SF cells as a suitable model for studies to optimize zinc supplementation in the aquaculture of Asian sea bass. Abstract Since Asian sea bass is one of the economically most important fish, aquaculture conditions are constantly optimized. Evidence from feeding studies combined with the current understanding of the importance of zinc for growth and immune defense suggest that zinc supplementation may be a possible approach to optimize aquacultures of Asian sea bass. To investigate the effects of zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation, cells from Asian sea bass were incubated in culture medium with different zinc contents. The expression of genes, important for zinc homeostasis, redox metabolism, and growth hormones was analyzed using RT-PCR. Zinc deficiency induced the expression of certain zinc transporters (ZIP14, ZIP10, ZIP6, ZIP4, ZnT4, ZnT9) as well as of SOD1, IGF I and IGF II, while expression of ZnT1 and metallothionein (MT) was reduced. Zinc supplementation decreased the expression of ZIP10, while expression of ZnT1 and MT were elevated. No differences in the effects of zinc supplementation with zinc sulfate compared to supplementation with zinc amino acid complexes were observed. Thus, extracellular zinc conditions may govern the cellular zinc homeostasis, the redox metabolism and growth hormone expression in cells from Asian sea bass as reported for other fish species. Our data indicate that supplementing aquacultures with zinc may be recommended to avoid detriments of zinc deficiency.

/pdf/effects-of-zinc-status-on-expression-of-zinc-transporters-21reocoa.pdf

Effects of Zinc Status on Expression of Zinc Transporters, Redox-Related Enzymes and Insulin-like Growth Factor in Asian Sea Bass Cells

Zinc is an essential trace element that influences virtually all systems of the human body The immune system is highly affected by fluctuations of zinc Zinc is required for the proper functioning of every immune cell; thus maintaining adequate zinc homeostasis is essential for supporting an effective immune response Zinc deficiency is associated with increased susceptibility to infections and higher risk of autoimmune diseases due to disturbed tolerance Low zinc in serum and plasma has been detected in patients with autoimmune diseases underlining either an etiological or a pathological involvement of zinc in those diseases Drawing on previous research that revealed how zinc influences signaling pathways of immune cells and also on human and animal supplementations studies, recommendations can be made regarding the use of zinc as a therapeutic agent for those suffering from autoimmune diseases Thus far, results of supplementation studies show relatively positive outcomes However, more research is required to uncover the mechanistic role of zinc in autoimmunity New insights will eventually provide physicians with yet another tool to use against autoimmune diseases, which affect a considerable population around the world

Zinc and the immune system: Insights into the role of zinc in autoimmune diseases

Zinc and ageing.

In renal transplantation, rejection of the allograft is still a problem despite of new immunosuppressive strategies and improved HLA-matching by molecular typing methods. Survival of the graft mainly depends on the number of HLA-mismatches between donor and recipient. However, case reports revealed that even full matched cadaveric organs may undergo repeated rejection episodes resulting in the loss of the renal graft. Several mechanisms may be responsible for this poorly understood event. The alloreactivity may possibly be induced by HLA-subtypes not being characterised until now, silent HLA-mismatches or proteins of human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) which correspond to the minor lymphocyte stimulating antigens (Mis) in the mouse [1]. These Mis were first described in mixed lymphocyte culture experiments (MLC) of MHC-identical mouse strains while stimulating lymphocytes despite MHC-identity. Since perfectly HLA-matched donors were only found in very few cases [2] the problem of acceptable and non-acceptable mismatches between donor and recipient is even more obvious in transplantation medicine. Little is known on how to identify these combinations. A useful test should directly quantify the activation of T-helper-cell- (TH-) subpopulations of donor and recipient and therefore measure the biological relevance of stimulating antigens. The functional in vitro T-cell assays are used for this purpose, especially MLC. Recently, it is discussed whether measurement of cytokines in the two-way MLC may probably be used for the prediction of the rejection or the acceptance of a graft. The conventional standard oneway MLC test measures the cell proliferation between antigen-presenting cells (APC) and T-cells of host and graft and vice versa. It has been established in the clinical routine of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for many years. However, the measurement of the proliferation in one-way MLC has no satisfying predictive value for the outcome of transplantation of either bone marrow or renal allografts [3].

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for cytokines in the mixed lymphocyte culture. Is there a role in renal transplantation

Zinc stabilized Nrf2 by inhibition of HDAC3 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

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