Local governments are expected now more than ever to lead climate action planning as climate change intensifies and urbanization increases rapidly. However, studies indicate limitations in the comprehensiveness and level of integration of adaptation and mitigation in existing climate action plans. To develop suitable climate action plans that are comprehensive and consistent with globally accepted standards and benchmarks, this study proposed an Urban Climate Action Planning framework and pilot-tested it with 257 urban climate action plans. Overall, 43 criteria are included in the framework across three stages of climate planning. The pilot test revealed that more than half of the sampled plans have a medium level of suitability, with 39% having a weak level of suitability. About 51% of plans from Europe have a weak level of suitability. Surprisingly, none of the plans sampled from Africa and Latin America achieved a weak level of suitability despite lacking a significant share of global climate research and development funding. A Kruskal-Wallis test shows a statistically significant association between stages of climate planning and (a) city types (p-value of 0.004326) and (b) year of adoption or publication of climate plans and suitability scores (p-value of 0.0001027). Urban climate action plans adopted or published more recently (2018–2022) are likely more suitable than those adopted or published earlier. The sampled urban climate action plans from the Global South had higher average suitability scores than those from the Global North. The study presents key findings and considerations for urban climate action planning and future research. 

Urban climate adaptation and mitigation action plans: A critical review

Sustainable lifestyle: Urban household carbon footprint accounting and policy implications for lifestyle-based decarbonization

Amidst growing concerns over the greenhouse effect, especially its consequential impacts, establishing effective Carbon Emission Prediction Models (CEPMs) to comprehend and predict CO2 emission trends is imperative. A review of 147 Carbon Emission Prediction Model (CEPM) studies revealed three predominant functions—prediction, optimization, and prediction factor selection. Statistical models, comprising 75 instances, were the most prevalent among prediction models, followed by neural network models at 21.8 %. The consistent rise in neural network model usage, particularly feedforward architectures, was observed from 2019 to 2022. A majority of CEPMs incorporated optimized approaches, with 94.4 % utilizing metaheuristic models. Parameter optimization was the primary focus, followed by structure optimization. Prediction factor selection models, employing Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for statistical and machine learning models, respectively, filtered factors effectively. Scrutinizing accuracy, pre-optimized CEPMs exhibited varied performance, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values spanned from 0.112 to 1635 Mt, while post-optimization led to a notable improvement, the minimum RMSE reached 0.0003 Mt, and the maximum was 95.14 Mt. Finally, we summarized the pros and cons of existing models, classified and counted the factors that influence carbon emissions, clarified the research objectives in CEPM and assessed the applied model evaluation methods and the spatial and temporal scales of existing research. 

Carbon emission prediction models: A review.

Decarbonization is essential for decelerating climate change and alleviating its associated impacts. Green roofs (GR) are expected to be a solution to the limited urban spaces for ground decarbonization strategies. To support this vision, this study develops a GR carbon assessment framework (GRCAF) in alignment with whole life cycle assessment, carbon capture and storage, renewable energy production, and local climate regulation. The GRCAF introduces four GR decarbonization (GRD) assessment pathways including embodied carbon, carbon sequestration, bioenergy supply, and operational carbon. The GRCAF also showcases standardized assessment scenarios for each pathway while devising a dual-indicator-based method (NV, C-PT) given diverse influencing factors and co-benefits analysis. Based on this framework, a systematic review was conducted to comprehend the research progress of each component in the GRCAF framework and to identify challenges toward GRCAF implementation. The results indicate that existing cognition of GR decarbonization benefits is comprehensive, but most studies only involve single-path assessment. Heterogeneity of assessment scenarios and boundaries under the assessment pathway results in large differences in normalized value indicators (NV), leading to cognitive deficiencies. Although comprehensive decarbonization assessment emerges, pathway completeness and spatiotemporal integrity of assessment scenarios are still defective. Toward the GRCAF implementation, the challenges in modelling and technical drawbacks, database and benchmarks, long-term maintenance pattern with dual-indicator (NV, C-PT) calculations, and synergies, trade-offs and future vision should be addressed. Overall, this study provides a consistent protocol for future GRD research and promote regulations and actions toward net-zero carbon cities. 

A standardized assessment framework for green roof decarbonization: A review of embodied carbon, carbon sequestration, bioenergy supply, and operational carbon scenarios

Geographic carbon accounting: The roadmap for achieving net-zero emissions in Mauritius Island.

Accounting for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is critical for developing evidence-based action plans for climate change mitigation in cities. The recognition of this, over the past three decades or so, has led to an increasing interest in developing methods for urban CO2 accounting and mapping. This study examines 662 articles published over the past three decades to identify major thematic areas of research on carbon accounting in cities and determine how they are linked. We also examine how the focus and intellectual base of the field have evolved over time (i.e., across three periods, namely, 1988–2006, 2007–2014, and 2015–2021) and identify the significant factors (i.e., authors, institutions, and sources) that have contributed to the evolution of knowledge on urban carbon accounting. For this purpose, we used VOSviewer, a widely-used bibliometric analysis software tool that utilizes network analysis techniques such as term-occurrence, co-citation, and bibliographic coupling. Results show that until 2006, research on this topic was very limited and focused on a few American cities. Between 2007 and 2014, the knowledge base expanded considerably, and airborne measurements and various urban metabolism techniques were used. During this period, different types of carbon footprinting methods, such as production- and consumption-based accounting emerged. Since 2015, the field has grown even more rapidly, with more diverse methods being used to estimate the driving factors of urban CO2 emissions. We posit that assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and international policy documents such as the Agenda 2030, Paris Climate Agreement, and the New Urban Agenda could have contributed to this increased interest in urban carbon accounting. This study can function as a reference for those interested in obtaining information about urban carbon accounting and its evolution. 

Urban carbon accounting: An overview

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Urban carbon accounting: An overview