http://www.irrec.ifas.ufl.edu/IRSWS/History%20Publications/2/JTEMBHe2005.pdf

Trace elements in agroecosystems and impacts on the environment

Phytoextraction of metals and metalloids from contaminated soils.

Sedum alfredii Hance has been identified as a new zinc (Zn) hyperaccumulating plant species. In this study, the effects of cadmium (Cd) supply levels (control, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 µmol Cd L −1 ) on the growth and cadmium accumulation and Zn supply on Cd accumulation in S. alfredii Hance were studied. The results showed that no reduction in shoot and root dry matter yields were noted when the plants were grown at Cd supply levels up to 200 µmol L −1 in nutrient solution. Slight stimulation on shoot growth was noted at relatively low Cd levels (25 to 100µmol L −1 ). Cadmium concentrations in leaves and stems increased with increasing Cd supply levels, and reached a maximum of approximately 9000 and 6500 mg kg −1 (DW) at 400 µmol Cd L −1 , respectively. Root Cd concentration increased sharply only at relatively high Cd levels. Cadmium distribution in different parts of the

/pdf/cadmium-tolerance-and-hyperaccumulation-in-a-new-zn-2k7g3jtse5.pdf

Cadmium tolerance and hyperaccumulation in a new Zn-hyperaccumulating plant species (Sedum alfredii Hance)

Increased soil pollution with heavy metals due to various human and natural activities has led to a growing need to address environmental contamination. Some remediation technologies have been developed to treat contaminated soil, but a biology-based technology, phytoremediation, is emerging. Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyperaccumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. To enhance phytoremediation as a viable strategy, microbiota from the rhizosphere can play an important role, but the use of genetic engineering can also increase the success of the technique. Here we review the key information on phytoremediation, addressing both potential and limitations, resulting from the research established on this topic.

Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils: Phytoremediation as a Potentially Promising Clean-Up Technology

Due to their immutable nature, metals are a group of pollutants of much concern. As a result of human activities such as mining and smelting of metalliferous ores, electroplating, gas exhaust, energy and fuel production, fertilizer and pesticide application, etc., metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. Phytoremediation, an emerging cost-effective, non-intrusive, and aesthetically pleasing technology, that uses the remarkable ability of plants to concentrate elements and compounds from the environment and to metabolize various molecules in their tissues, appears very promising for the removal of pollutants from the environment. Within this field of phytoremediation, the utilization of plants to transport and concentrate metals from the soil into the harvestable parts of roots and above-ground shoots, i.e., phytoextraction, may be, at present, approaching commercialization. Improvement of the capacity of plants to tolerate and accumulate metals by genetic engineering should open up new possibilities for phytoremediation. The lack of understanding pertaining to metal uptake and translocation mechanisms, enhancement amendments, and external effects of phytoremediation is hindering its full scale application. Due to its great potential as a viable alternative to traditional contaminated land remediation methods, phytoremediation is currently an exciting area of active research.

Recent Findings on the Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Environmentally Toxic Heavy Metals and Metalloids Such as Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic

Four species of Sedum L. were grown in nutrient solution for the comparison of their Zn uptake and accumulation. S. alfredii Hance showed much greater tolerance to Zn than the other three species. Shoot and root yields of S. sarmentosum Bunge, S. bulbiferum Makino, and S. emarginatum Migo decreased with increasing Zn concentration in the solution, while shoot and root yields of S. alfredii increased when Zn concentration was ≤80 mg·L -1. At 80 mg·L -1 Zn, Zn concentration in shoots of S. alfredii reached 19.09 mg·g -1. S. alfredii was also more efficient in Zn translocation from roots to shoots, while Zn concentration in shoots was much higher than in roots. However, this was not the case for the other three species. The results showed that S. alfredii is a Zn hyperaccumulator and could be useful for the phytoremediation of Zn-contaminated soils.

Differences of Uptake and Accumulation of Zinc in Four Species of Sedum

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Differences of Uptake and Accumulation of Zinc in Four Species of Sedum