Three dimensional printing (3DP), or additive manufacturing, is an exponentially growing process in the fabrication of various technologies with applications in sectors such as electronics, biomedical, pharmaceutical and tissue engineering. Micro and nano scale printing is encouraging the innovation of the aforementioned sectors, due to the ability to control design, material and chemical properties at a highly precise level, which is advantageous in creating a high surface area to volume ratio and altering the overall products’ mechanical and physical properties. In this review, micro/-nano printing technology, mainly related to lithography, inkjet and electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing and their biomedical and electronic applications will be discussed. The current limitations to micro/-nano printing methods will be examined, covering the difficulty in achieving controlled structures at the miniscule micro and nano scale required for specific applications.

/pdf/high-precision-3d-printing-for-micro-to-nano-scale-4cudp8g8.pdf

High Precision 3D Printing for Micro to Nano Scale Biomedical and Electronic Devices

Wearable strain sensors have drawn a massive awareness in the various study and industrial fields.The growing suitability and adaptability of such systems have raised the demand for developing instruments of...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2023/ma/d2ma00818a

Wearable Strain Sensors: State-of-art and Future Applications

Flexible and stretchable electronics have emerged as highly promising technologies for the next generation of electronic devices. These advancements offer numerous advantages, such as flexibility, biocompatibility, bio-integrated circuits, and light weight, enabling new possibilities in diverse applications, including e-textiles, smart lenses, healthcare technologies, smart manufacturing, consumer electronics, and smart wearable devices. In recent years, significant attention has been devoted to flexible and stretchable pressure sensors due to their potential integration with medical and healthcare devices for monitoring human activity and biological signals, such as heartbeat, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, and muscle activity. This review comprehensively covers all aspects of recent developments in flexible and stretchable pressure sensors. It encompasses fundamental principles, force/pressure-sensitive materials, fabrication techniques for low-cost and high-performance pressure sensors, investigations of sensing mechanisms (piezoresistivity, capacitance, piezoelectricity), and state-of-the-art applications.

Flexible and Stretchable Pressure Sensors: From Basic Principles to State-of-the-Art Applications

Temporary bonding/debonding (TBDB) technologies have greatly contributed to the reliable fabrication of thin devices. However, the rapid development of large-scale, high-precision and ultra-thin devices in the semiconductor field has also proposed more stringent requirements for TBDB technologies. Here, we deliberate the recent progress of materials for temporary bonding and different debonding technologies over the past decade. Several common debonding methods are described, including thermal slide, wet chemical dissolution, mechanical peeling and laser ablation. We review the current status of different debonding technologies and highlight the applications of TBDB technologies in advanced electronic packaging. Possible solutions are proposed for the challenges and opportunities faced by different TBDB technologies. Ultimately, we attempt to propose an outlook on their future development and more possible applications. We believe that the simple schematics and refined data presented in this review would give readers a deep understanding of TBDB technologies and their vast application scenarios in future advanced electronic packaging.

/pdf/temporary-bonding-and-debonding-in-advanced-packaging-recent-2l8lrbi7.pdf

Temporary Bonding and Debonding in Advanced Packaging: Recent Progress and Applications

Flexible devices have been rapidly developed and applied in various applications. However, there have been few reports on printable graphene-based sensors with customized structures and properties capable of respiratory and airflow monitoring. In this study, a graphene-based flexible sensor with a conical microdot array (GSCA) made by the direct-ink writing 3D printing method for real-time personal signals and air-coupled detection is reported. GSCA 3D structures with microdot features on the sensing layer can deliver a fast response of below 60 ms and improve the sensitivity by 32.4% (26–78 kPa), 800% (78–102 kPa), and 600% (102–160 kPa) by adjusting the printing parameters. The sensor exhibits a low detection limit of 11.4 Pa and a large detection range with a linear sensitivity of 1.4–509 kPa. The spider leg-like micro-/nanofibers between two adjacent microdots contribute to electron transport and airflow sensing. The results show the feasibility of the graphene-based sensor with dots to recognize air strength and direction for respiration and airflow. Further validation of the GSCA in real-time personal monitoring demonstrates the potential for multitasking wearable sensors. 

Graphene-Based Flexible Sensors for Respiratory and Airflow Monitoring

Epoxy resins are widely used for electronic packaging materials due to their good performance. A common way to cure epoxy is to add anhydride as a hardener, to this, we added a less used curing method, catalytic curing, to study their effect on the curing system and curd samples. Polymers containing naphthalene rings usually have low moisture absorption, good thermal stability, dimensional stability, and dielectric properties. Here, we used two naphthalene epoxy monomers (1,6- naphthalene diglycidyl ether (1,6-NDE) and 2,7-NDE) and cured them with two methods (anhydride (methyl nadic anhydride, MNA) / accelerator (Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, DMP-30) curing system and catalyst (DMP-30) curing system). We obtained four types of epoxy resins and compared the differences in their structure and performance. All epoxy resins had excellent tensile properties at around 100 MPa tensile strength. Catalyst cured resins had better thermal stability and higher glass transition temperature that close to 180 ˚C (T g -DMA), compared with anhydride cured resins. Meanwhile, 1,6-naphthalene epoxy resins had better performance than 2,7-naphthalene epoxy resins in high glass transition temperature and high crosslink density. Overall, all naphthalene epoxy resins had good performances, and catalyst-cured resins performed better and provided an additional method. Herein, these types of naphthalene epoxy resins have potential applications in the field of electronic packaging. • Molecular arrangement inferred from mode layer spacing and crosslink density. • Spatial resistance affects the cross-linking density and the performance of the resins. • Better thermal stability and solvent resistance of catalyst cured resins. 

High-performance naphthalene epoxy resins cured by catalyst for packaging materials

Design and fabrication of highly sensitive and flexible sensors is an area of intense interest and research but is limited with respect to the detection range and application (e.g., deployment in both terrestrial and aquatic environments). Here, we present flexible pressure sensors (FPSs) comprising graphene–PANI-embedded polyethylene oxide and exhibiting ultralow detection limits. These sensors were prepared using a modified electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jetting method and enabled wearable monitoring of physiological parameters and selective aquatic life activity. Sensor thickness, resistance, and sensitivity were modulated through jetted layers. Through EHD jetting, the minimum detected static pressure was seen to be 12 Pa. The strain resistance test displayed a gauge factor of 5.5 under a bending strain of 12.5–50%. FPS engineering was performed using a green, sustainable, and cost-effective approach and demonstrated high sensitivity, ultralow detection limits, rapid response, and excellent mechanical durability. Detection of minute signals during physical activity (e.g., finger movements, facial expression, cough, hand gestures, acoustic vibrations, and real-time pulse waves of near-body states) was shown. Furthermore, real-time detection of underwater activity elucidates the potential in emerging healthcare, environmental, and bio-related monitoring. 

/pdf/electrostatic-jet-engineering-of-flexible-composite-pressure-1a7awo33.pdf

Electrostatic Jet Engineering of Flexible Composite Pressure Sensors for Physical Applications

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High-performance naphthalene epoxy resins cured by catalyst for packaging materials

Graphene-Based Flexible Sensors for Respiratory and Airflow Monitoring

Electrostatic Jet Engineering of Flexible Composite Pressure Sensors for Physical Applications