This paper presents recent efforts to understand the relative accuracies of different instrumentation and gauges with various windshield configurations to measure snowfall. Results from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Marshall Field Site will be highlighted. This site hosts a test bed to assess various solid precipitation measurement techniques and is a joint collaboration between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NCAR, the National Weather Service (NWS), and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The collaboration involves testing new gauges and other solid precipitation measurement techniques in comparison with World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reference snowfall measurements. This assessment is critical for any ongoing studies and applications, such as climate monitoring and aircraft deicing, that rely on accurate and consistent precipitation measurements.

/pdf/how-well-are-we-measuring-snow-the-noaa-faa-ncar-winter-3v8xxdnq5d.pdf

How Well Are We Measuring Snow: The NOAA/FAA/NCAR Winter Precipitation Test Bed

Climate change is expected to accelerate the hydrologic cycle, increase the fraction of precipitation that is rain, and enhance snowpack melting. The enhanced hydrological cycle is also expected to increase snowfall amounts due to increased moisture availability. These processes are examined in this paper in the Colorado Headwaters region through the use of a coupled high-resolution climate–runoff model. Four high-resolution simulations of annual snowfall over Colorado are conducted. The simulations are verified using Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) data. Results are then presented regarding the grid spacing needed for appropriate simulation of snowfall. Finally, climate sensitivity is explored using a pseudo–global warming approach. The results show that the proper spatial and temporal depiction of snowfall adequate for water resource and climate change purposes can be achieved with the appropriate choice of model grid spacing and parameterizations. The pseudo–global warming simulations indicate enha...

High resolution coupled climate-runoff simulations of seasonal snowfall over Colorado: A process study of current and warmer climate

This review paper summarizes current knowledge available for aviation operations related to meteorology and provides suggestions for necessary improvements in the measurement and prediction of weather-related parameters, new physical methods for numerical weather predictions (NWP), and next-generation integrated systems. Severe weather can disrupt aviation operations on the ground or in-flight. The most important parameters related to aviation meteorology are wind and turbulence, fog visibility, aerosol/ash loading, ceiling, rain and snow amount and rates, icing, ice microphysical parameters, convection and precipitation intensity, microbursts, hail, and lightning. Measurements of these parameters are functions of sensor response times and measurement thresholds in extreme weather conditions. In addition to these, airport environments can also play an important role leading to intensification of extreme weather conditions or high impact weather events, e.g., anthropogenic ice fog. To observe meteorological parameters, new remote sensing platforms, namely wind LIDAR, sodars, radars, and geostationary satellites, and in situ instruments at the surface and in the atmosphere, as well as aircraft and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles mounted sensors, are becoming more common. At smaller time and space scales (e.g., < 1 km), meteorological forecasts from NWP models need to be continuously improved for accurate physical parameterizations. Aviation weather forecasts also need to be developed to provide detailed information that represents both deterministic and statistical approaches. In this review, we present available resources and issues for aviation meteorology and evaluate them for required improvements related to measurements, nowcasting, forecasting, and climate change, and emphasize future challenges.

/pdf/a-review-of-high-impact-weather-for-aviation-meteorology-283dpf7vzd.pdf

A Review of High Impact Weather for Aviation Meteorology

Winter-storm hydrometeor distributions along the Front Range in eastern Colorado are studied with a ground-based two-dimensional video disdrometer. The instrument provides shape, size, and terminal velocity information for particles that are larger than about 0.4 mm. The dataset is used to determine the form of particle size distributions (PSDs) and to search for useful interrelationships among the governing parameters of assumed distribution forms and environmental factors. Snowfalls are dominated by almost spherical aggregates having near-exponential or superexponential size distributions. Raindrop size distributions are more peaked than those for snow. A relation between bulk snow density and particle median volume diameter is derived. The data suggest that some adjustment may be needed in relationships found previously between temperature and the concentration and slope parameters of assumed exponential PSDs. A potentially useful relationship is found between the slope and shape terms of the ...

https://www.inscc.utah.edu/~u0758091/Hydrometeors/Brndes2007.pdf

A Statistical and Physical Description of Hydrometeor Distributions in Colorado Snowstorms Using a Video Disdrometer

An investigation was conducted on the effects of various physics parameterizations on wintertime precipitation predictions using a high-resolution regional climate model. The objective was to evaluate the sensitivity of cold-season mountainous snowfall to cloud microphysics schemes, planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, land surface schemes, and radiative transfer schemes at a 4-km grid spacing applicable to the next generation of regional climate models.The results indicated that orographically enhanced precipitation was highly sensitive to cloud microphysics parameterizations. Of the tested 7 parameterizations, 2 schemes clearly outperformed the others that overpredicted the snowfall amount by as much as ~30%–60% on the basis of snow telemetry observations. Significant differences among these schemes were apparent in domain averages, spatial distributions of hydrometeors, latent heating profiles, and cloud fields. In comparison, model results showed relatively weak dependency on the land surfa...

/pdf/high-resolution-simulations-of-wintertime-precipitation-in-3ckl2jobf1.pdf

High-Resolution Simulations of Wintertime Precipitation in the Colorado Headwaters Region: Sensitivity to Physics Parameterizations

This paper describes a winter weather nowcasting system called Weather Support to Deicing Decision Making (WSDDM), designed to provide airline, airport, and air traffic users with winter weather information relevant to their operations. The information is provided on an easy to use graphical display and characterizes airport icing conditions for nonmeteorologists. The system has been developed and refined over a series of winter–long airport demonstrations at Denver's Stapleton International Airport, Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, and New York's LaGuardia Airport. The WSDDM system utilizes commercially available weather information in the form of Next Generation Weather Radar WSR–88D radar reflectivity data depicted as color coded images on a window of the display and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) surface weather reports from Automated Surface Observating System stations and observers. METAR information includes wind speed and direction, air temperature, and precipitation type/...

Weather Support to Deicing Decision Making (WSDDM) : A winter weather nowcasting system

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Weather Support to Deicing Decision Making (WSDDM) : A winter weather nowcasting system