The purpose of the experiment reported was to study soft tissue changes at teeth which were orthodontically moved into areas with varying thickness and quality of periodontal tissues. The maxillary central incisors and first premolars in 5 adult monkeys were used as experimental teeth. 6 months prior to the start of the orthodontic treatment phase, the maxillary second premolars were extracted. By surgical means, areas with varying width of the keratinized gingiva were established in the incisor and premolar region. Following a clinical baseline examination which involved assessments of gingival width, location of the gingival margin in relation to cemento-enamel junction and probing attachment level, fixed orthodontic appliances were inserted in order to bodily move the two contral incisors in labial direction through the alveolar bone envelope and the first premolars in distal direction into contact with the first molars. Orthodontic forces were applied for a period of 3-4 months. The lateral incisors and first molars were selected as non-moved control teeth. After the experimental teeth had been retained in their new positions for 1 month, the clinical examination was repeated. Tissue blocks containing test and control specimens were subsequently dissected and prepared for microscopic analysis. The analysis included histometric assessments of loss of connective tissue attachment and height of alveolar bone. The results showed that at every second labially moved incisor, the gingival margin had become displaced in apical direction. The degree of displacement, however, was small and only at 2 teeth accompanied by loss of connective tissue attachment. Throughout the study, these particular teeth also showed obvious signs of gingival inflammation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Some periodontal tissue reactions to orthodontic tooth movement in monkeys

To perform a systematic review on the effect of changes in incisor inclination owing to orthodontic treatment and the occurrence of gingival recession. PubMed, EMBASE Excerpta Medica and CENTRAL of the Cochrane Library were searched and a hand search was performed. From 1925 articles identified, 17 articles were finally included: six experimental animal studies and 11 retrospective clinical studies in humans. More proclined teeth compared with less proclined teeth or untreated teeth had in most studies a higher occurrence or severity of gingival recession. Contradictory results were found regarding a possible statistically significant correlation between the extent of gingival recession and the amount of incisor proclination during treatment, width of attached gingiva, hygiene, periodontal condition or thickness of the symphysis. There are no high quality animal or clinical studies on this topic. Movement of the incisors out of the osseous envelope of the alveolar process may be associated with a higher tendency for developing gingival recessions. The amount of recession found in studies with statistically significant differences between proclined and non-proclined incisors is small and the clinical consequence questionable. Because of the low level of evidence of the included studies, the results should be considered with caution. Further randomized clinical studies including clinical examination of hygiene and gingival condition before, during and after treatment are needed to clarify the effect of orthodontic changes in incisor inclination and the occurrence of gingival recession.

Orthodontic therapy and gingival recession: a systematic review

The skeletal anchorage system (SAS) consists of titanium anchor plates and monocortical screws that are temporarily implanted in either the maxilla or the mandible as absolute orthodontic anchorage. With SAS, anterior open bite can be improved by the counterclockwise rotation of the mandible, accompanied by the intrusion of molars. The present study was designed to evaluate treatment and posttreatment dentoalveolar changes following the intrusion of mandibular molars. Nine adult open bite patients (7 women and 2 men) successfully treated with SAS were included in the following study. The amount of intrusion, relapse, and dentoalveolar changes were measured on cephalometric radiographs, panoramic radiographs, and dental casts. The results of this study were as follows: (1) the average amount of intrusion of the mandibular first and second molars was 1.7 mm and 2.8 mm, respectively; (2) the average relapse rates were 27.2% at the first molars and 30.3% at the second molars; (3) there were no significant changes in crestal bone heights, clinical crown length, or root length; and (4) counterclockwise rotation of the mandible and decrease of anterior facial height were observed during treatment. Thus, it was concluded that SAS would be a valid modality to intrude mandibular molars for correction of open bite.

Treatment and posttreatment dentoalveolar changes following intrusion of mandibular molars with application of a skeletal anchorage system (SAS) for open bite correction.

The influence of functional appliance therapy on glenoid fossa remodeling.

The purpose of this clinical and microbiological study was to evaluate longitudinally the changes occurring in the subgingival microbiota in children following the placement of orthodontic bands in the absence of a prophylactic oral hygiene program. A total of 12 children in the age between 10 and 15 years were selected for the study. The experimental group (E) consisted of 6 subjects scheduled for orthodontic treatment including the placement of fixed appliances. They were seen 1 week before and just prior to the placement of orthodontic bands. The control group (C) involved 6 children in the maintenance phase of orthodontic therapy in which removable retainers were used. All subjects were examined at 3-5 week intervals for a period of 4 months. At each examination, microbiological subgingival plaque samples were collected by means of sterile paper points. Plaque and gingival index scores as well as pocket probing depth at the site of sampling were determined. The microbiological samples were processed using continuous anaerobic culturing techniques and were plated on non-selective and selective media. Differential counts and biochemical characterization of isolates were performed according to the methods described by Kornman and Loesche. Following tooth-banding, an increase in pocket probing depth was observed, while the P1I and GI scores remained unaffected. A statistically significant increase from baseline values (p less than 0.05) was found for the %s of black-pigmented bacteroides, the B. intermedius and A. odontolyticus species, concomitantly with a decrease of the anaerobe/facultative bacteria ratio in the experimental, but not the control sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Clinical and microbiological effects of fixed orthodontic appliances

No Available. Given at the January, 1977 meeting of the Midwestern Component of the Angle Society.

Vertical control in treatment of patients having backward-rotational growth tendencies.

A review of clinical considerations in the control of vertical dimension, with a statistical evaluation of 79 cases treated with a vertical-pull chincup before and during fixed-appliance therapy.

Vertical control in fully-banded orthodontic treatment.

No Available. Given before the Midwestern Component of the Angle Society, January 1967.

Gingival height of lower central incisors, orthodontically treated and untreated.

Case report KP. Treatment of a severe openbite excessive vertical pattern with an eclectic non-surgical approach.

Vertical Control through Use of Mandibular Posterior Intrusive Forces

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