Shelter has been described as one of the most 'intractable problems' in humanitarian aid and yet there is little clarity on the over-arching definition of shelter. The terminology for shelter and housing is often conflated, and further to this, the most prominently used definition does not fully reflect the recent progress the shelter and settlements sector has made. These progressions include a movement from 'product' to 'process', and a recognition of the wider impacts of shelter, including livelihoods, health, economic stimulation, education, and reduction of vulnerability. This paper explores the varying terminology utilised in definitions of shelter within humanitarian aid since 1990, reflecting on the concepts of 'shelter' and 'housing', alongside the surrounding perceptions of 'house' vs 'home, and related measures of adequacy. The current, most prolific definition is also deconstructed, demonstrating the ambiguity in some of the terminology such as 'dignity' and 'privacy', and identifying that the interpretation of this definition is dependent on the knowledge of the reader. Finally, a new definition of 'sheltering' is proposed, encompassing five key reflections: the concept of process over object; inclusion of communities as well as individuals; the commonality of long-term sheltering; the wider impacts of shelter; the impact on host communities and environment. This definition is proposed in conjunction with the needs defined in the UN-HABITAT definition of 'adequate shelter', with the caveat that adequacy of those needs, and the sheltering response, should be determined by the affected population.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/disa.12555

Re-Defining Shelter: Humanitarian Sheltering.

This paper evaluates literature across multiple disciplines and stakeholder types to identify commonalities and contradictions in deﬁnitions for community resilience. It aims to support cross-disciplinary discourse to build an interdisciplinary understanding of community resilience. This work identiﬁes the diﬀerences between mono-, multi-, inter-, and cross-disciplinary approaches to inform community resilience strategies in academic and practice-based contexts. Four themes for community resilience were identiﬁed through a review of cross-disciplinary literature. These include (1) diverse yet convergent deﬁnitions of community resilience and the evolution from equilibrium to adaptation to transformation; (2) equitable and inclusive strategies for the development of community resilience initiatives; (3) when and at what scale strategies should be implemented; and (4) community resilience as a process or an outcome. This work is valuable to those seeking to familiarise themselves with the concept of community resilience, including educators who deliver courses on community resilience and policy-makers. It is novel in that it presents an interdisciplinary framework for navigating the community resilience discourse beyond individual professional boundaries.

Community resilience: A multidisciplinary exploration for inclusive strategies and scalable solutions

ABSTRACT Pacific Island cities exhibit high levels of informality. In these spaces, traditional cultural practices and production converge with the periphery of global financial markets and systems of trade and production. These hybrid, nonconforming urban systems fall between regional policy agendas, requiring practitioners to embed urban considerations within broader regional platforms such as climate change. This paper demonstrates how these “covert” processes are used to advance urban justice at a settlement scale, both within and in resistance to city-level resilience frameworks and governance. In addition to a wider review of secondary data and Pacific urban literature the authors – non-Indigenous Pacific urban experts – draw upon empirical evidence from climate resilient development initiatives across the region. This includes case studies from the two Vanuatu municipalities of Luganville and Port Vila, and Honiara, the capital of Solomon Islands. Approaches for negotiating divergences between these functional systems of traditional and state justice within the urban domain are proposed, particularly in relation to disaster response and climate resilient development. Adaptation pathways are also presented, that draw upon decolonized visions of Pacific cities. These build upon observations of endogenous resilience in Pacific informal settlements; imaginaries centered upon quasi-customary urban governance, social structures, and ecosystem services.

Urban adaptation pathways at the edge of the anthropocene: lessons from the Blue Pacific Continent

Humanitarian architecture has emerged as a new body of knowledge that entails the use of specific design strategies, methods, and tools to face the complex challenges that disaster-related practice implies, which are not mainstreamed in regular training. Design competitions dealing with risk and resilience carried out in academic environments have been somehow filling this gap. This chapter goes through some of these competitions targeting students and discusses their disciplinary outcomes, before focusing on an international competition organized by the authors. In this case, we analyze how the winning entries responded to the competition demands, and identify patterns in their architectural design proposals, while highlighting the ideas and methods behind these. This study aims to identify lessons for humanitarian architecture's body of knowledge and contribute to enhancing its practice, training, and education.

Lessons for humanitarian architecture from design contests: The case of the Building 4Humanity Design Competition

Companies increasingly organize innovation activities within innovation ecosystems. This study illustrates the central role of the IP-model that an orchestrator develops for the innovation ecosystem partners. The governance of IP is instrumental for the success of innovation ecosystems as it determines the value appropriation potential for the ecosystem partners and positively influences the success of innovation ecosystems. The insights are based on a case study of IMEC, a public research institute in nano-electronics. IMEC has an IP-based orchestration model for innovation ecosystems through multi-party research collaborations between public and private firms. (Keywords: Innovation Management, Intellectual Property, Innovation Networks, Innovation Ecosystems, Open Innovation)

IP Models to Orchestrate Innovation Ecosystems: IMEC, A PUBLIC RESEARCH

This research explores humanitarianism and disaster resilient design within architecture education through the practice of transformative pedagogy. Through emancipatory action research, a concept-based curriculum was developed, implemented and evaluated. This study challenges traditional structures of architectural design studios, proposing a designed and tested alternative studio model for transformative learning. The research found that â�� to address complex global problems faced by 21st Century learners â�� architecture education must embrace transdisciplinary, collaborative design methods. This points to the future of built environment design, which can expand from a product-oriented paradigm to address processes inherent in complex systems-scale problems.

From product to process and site to system: Disaster resilience and humanitarian design in architecture education

This paper describes a design-led workshop using a tangible modelling technique to actively construct an Open Innovation (OI) ecosystem. The purpose was to explore how such collaborative ecosystems can be intentionally designed. The technique allowed the development of memorable metaphors that enriched a discussion on the application of OI. The results emphasise the importance of understanding ecosystem stakeholder identities, and how this knowledge can be used to anticipate potential barriers to delivering value. Our work provides a set of principles for value creation and relationship management by an OI ecosystem, and will interest those seeking to navigate OI practices through a design-led approach.

/pdf/designing-an-open-innovation-orchestrator-the-case-of-1u7h2uggsz.pdf

Designing an Open Innovation Orchestrator: the case of Australia’s Advanced Robotics for Manufacturing (ARM) Hub

Inconsistent and contradictory terminology for humanitarian shelter inhibits new engagement from built-environment professionals in the shelter sector. This confusion is compounded by shelter terms that can only be accurately interpreted within a particular context or organization. This research aimed at identifying terms in use for humanitarian shelter to develop a shelter terminology framework. Thus, 65 documents from 34 Global Shelter Cluster members and the Sphere Handbook were qualitatively analyzed, and 347 shelter terms were identified. The resulting framework contains 8 main categories, including 25 subcategories of shelter strategies. This research revealed that shelter terms do not only apply to material support but also to service or support-based assistance. Significantly, the shelter terminology framework will assist new actors seeking to engage with shelter-sector projects. Through enabling new practitioners, researchers, and education programs, the framework will progress specialized fields such as humanitarian architecture, planning, and engineering.

A humanitarian shelter terminology framework

The need for adequate shelter and resettlement solutions for the growing number of displaced people worldwide is a problem of such magnitude that adequate solutions currently elude us. Humanitarian organisations are calling for greater engagement from experts who are able to assist with this crisis, including built environment professionals such as architects. With vague career pathways and a lack of exposure to this crucial area of practice in architects’ formative years, further education and postgraduate studies targeting humanitarian practice have only recently begun to emerge. This research reviews current literature in the areas of shelter and settlements, illustrating that the architectural profession has a responsibility to contribute towards positive resettlement outcomes for displaced populations. This paper also discusses a particular area of theory known as ‘Design Futuring’ by Tony Fry, exploring how it can provide a theoretical framework to support engagement from architects in both research and education targeting this area of practice. The paper identifies key areas of conceptual overlap including the emphasis on sustainability, shelter and design processes in favour of product thinking, and the reframing of a more collaborative and transdisciplinary approach to architectural practice. It is anticipated that this research can inform approaches to architectural education and research focusing on shelter and settlements design, representing a new area of theory-based inquiry.

Sustainability, Design Futuring, and the Process of Shelter and Settlements

Design Robotics is a program of research that places design and its processes and thinking at the forefront of robotic research to enable design-led manufacturing. This paper presents two cases of built works created by Brisbane based UAP Company (Urban Art Projects). UAP is a global manufacturer of urban artworks and architectural facades. The QUT Design Robotics research group and RMIT are collaborating with UAP on an Innovative Manufacturing Cooperative Research Centre (IMCRC) funded project (2017-2022). These cases are part of the Design Robotics Open Innovation Network that has been established to share the outcomes from projects with industry. This paper addresses the question, How can open innovation be employed as a strategy for architectural innovation within a design-led manufacturing organization? In response to the research question, the cases are examined through the theoretical lens of ‘Open Innovation’, which describes how an organisation can purposively manage inward flows of external knowledge, and outward flows of internal knowledge to increase its ability to innovate in line with its business model (West & Bogers, 2014). The manufacture of the two cases employed an open innovation strategy to explore the potentials of advanced manufacturing technologies in collaboration with external partners. As a methodology, the researchers follow a case study strategy by co-locating within the industry partner to do on-site observations and findings. The cases are unique in that they reveal an account of the internal know-how and decision-making processes required to integrate advanced manufacturing technologies into established workflows as part of the innovation process. These built works demonstrate novel approaches to integrating robotic systems and virtual reality into the ideation, communication, design development, and manufacture required to deliver each project.

From open innovation to design-led manufacturing: Cases of Australian art and architecture

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