• Overview of the synthesis of activated carbon as catalysts for biodiesel production. • Key factors affecting the properties and catalytic performance of activated carbon. • A guide to design activated carbon catalyst with optimal surface morphology. Activated carbon (AC) is a porous material with unique chemical and physical properties that has been used widely in various applications. The production process of AC involves precursor treatments, carbonization, and physical and/or chemical activation. Besides, surface modifications are commonly carried out to improve the AC properties, particularly as a catalyst. This paper provides an overview of the recent development in each of these steps. The temperature and time, as well as the impregnation ratio of activating agent to the precursor were found to have a significant influence on the surface morphology of the AC during an activation process. The effects of these variables on AC yield, BET surface area, and pore volume during synthesis from various raw materials synthesis are discussed. The use of AC as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel is also being studied. This work could serve as a guideline to design a high-performance activated carbon based catalyst for biofuel production. 

A review of the synthesis of activated carbon for biodiesel production: Precursor, preparation, and modification

New trends on crude glycerol purification: A review

Indonesia merupakan negara tropis yang memiliki potensi dalam pengembangan energi terbarukan berupa energy biomassa dari briket tempurung kelapa. Briket ini merupakan hasil pengolahan limbah biomasa, diantaranya tempurung kelapa dan serbuk kayu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu, konsentrasi perekat dan komposisi bahan baku terhadap nilai kalor  briket. Bahan yang digunakan antara lain serbuk gergaji sengon, tempurung kelapa, tepung tapioka, aquadest. Alat yang digunakan kiln drum, alat pengempa briket, bom kalorimeter, oven, alat screening. Variabel berubah dalam percobaan adalah komposisi bahan baku dan kadar perekat. Langkah penelitian dilakukan dengan pengarangan bahan baku, pencampuran komposisi bahan baku dengan variabel perekat, pencetakan dan pengempaan, uji coba nilai kalor, terakhir analisa data. Hasil pengujian nilai kalor briket bahwa semakin banyak komposisi bahan yang memiliki kalor lebih tinggi maka nilai kalor  campuran briket akan semakin tinggi. Nilai kalor briket sampel tidak memenuhi syarat untuk briket arang buatan Amerika, Inggris, dan Jepang namun diantaranya memenuhi syarat standar nasional Indonesia. Penambahan perekat dalam  pembuatan briket tempurung kelapa dimaksudkan agar partikel arang saling berikatan dan tidak mudah hancur, namun penambahan perekat yang berlebih akan menurunkan kualitas briket, semakin tinggi kadar perekat maka nilai kalor akan berkurang

/pdf/pembuatan-briket-arang-dari-campuran-tempurung-kelapa-dan-4vvzh6y47q.pdf

Pembuatan Briket Arang Dari Campuran Tempurung Kelapa dan Serbuk Gergaji Kayu Sengon

Materials research relating to bio-based polymers and composites has become the order of the day and several types of research are being undertaken on these materials. This is mainly due to the belief in the ability of these polymers and composites to serve as potential alternatives for synthetic polymers and fiber-reinforced composites and to mitigate problems pertaining to environmental pollution. A majority of synthetic fibers and polymers in the market today are developed from nonrenewable petroleum-based materials. These have the potential to harm the natural biodiversity of the environment. On the other hand, the use of bioplastics and biocomposites is supported by a few facts such as low cost, lesser energy consumption during production, and notable mechanical and thermal characteristics. The usage of bio-based fibers and polymers in the manufacture of biocomposites in numerous applications greatly enhance the sustainability by eradicating the problem of waste generation. Considering all the above points, the current review focuses on the synthesis and characterization of bioplastics and biocomposites. An elaborate discussion on the mechanical and thermal properties of these materials has also been made. In addition, this review comprehensively discusses the applications, challenges, and prospects of bioplastics and biocomposites.

Synthesis and thermomechanical properties of bioplastics and biocomposites: a systematic review.

Briket arang tempurung kelapa merupakan salah satu sumber energi alternatif yang diminati oleh pasar ekspor. Sebagai komoditas ekspor, mutu briket arang harus stabil dan dapat memenuhi persyaratan mutu pasar yang dituju. Implementasi alat pengering tipe rak berbahan bakar biomassa diperlukan untuk menghasilkan briket arang dengan kadar air yang konstan dan memenuhi persyaratan mutu pasar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan alat pengering tipe rak berbahan biomassa terhadap briket arang dibandingkan dengan pengeringan matahari. Analisa yang dilakukan meliputi kadar air, kadar abu, dan kadar karbon terikat. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi alat pengering dapat meningkatkan mutu briket arang apabila dibandingkan dengan pengeringan matahari.

/pdf/kajian-peningkatan-mutu-briket-arang-tempurung-kelapa-dengan-gv591pjazs.pdf

Kajian peningkatan mutu briket arang tempurung kelapa dengan alat pengering tipe rak berbahan bakar biomassa

Used cooking oil can be used as raw material for biodiesel, but the levels of free fatty acids (Free Fatty Acid, FFA) is quite high. It is necessary for pretreatment in the form of the adsorption process to reduce levels of FFA. This study aims to determine the optimal conditions of adsorption process and determine the quality of biodiesel produced from adsorption processes and transesterification. Natural zeolites are used as adsorbents activated beforehand using ammonium chloride, calcined and heated to obtain H-zeolite. Furthermore, the adsorption process optimization includes the time, the adsorbent concentration, temperature and particle size. The oil that is already in the adsorption catalyst is reacted with methanol and KOH to obtain biodiesel. The optimum adsorption conditions obtained at the time of 90 minutes, the concentration of H-zeolite 12%, temperature 90 ° C, and a particle size of 0.2 mm that can lower FFA levels from 3.2% to 1.1%. Biodiesel produced meets the quality requirements of SNI 04-7182-2006 with a water content of 0.02%, a density of 857.60 kg / m3, the acid value of 0.29 mg-KOH / g, iodine number 15.71, saponification 168 , 02 and cetane index of 75.62. Compounds contained in biodiesel are methyl 9-octadecanoic (49.45%), methyl heksadekanoat (20.79%), and methyl 9,12oktaekanoat 9.12 (18.87%). Keywords: Biodiesel, used cooking oil, adsorption, transesterification, H-zeolit DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.3107

/pdf/pembuatan-biodiesel-dengan-cara-adsorpsi-dan-110kfmejul.pdf

Pembuatan Biodiesel Dengan Cara Adsorpsi Dan Transesterifikasi Dari Minyak Goreng Bekas

Crude biodiesel hasil transesterifikasi minyak goreng bekas dapat ditingkatkan kualitasnya melalui proses catalytic cracking menggunakan zeolit alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kondisi optimum proses catalytic cracking dan sifat fisika dan kimia biofuel yang dihasilkan. Reaksi dijalankan dalam reaktor dengan memvariasikan waktu (1, 2 dan 3 jam), konsentrasi katalis (3, 5 dan 7 %), ukuran partikel katalis (180, 250 dan 630μm) dan suhu reaksi (325, 350 dan 375°C). Kondisi optimum proses catalytic cracking crude biodiesel didapatkan pada : waktu  3 jam, konsentrasi katalis 7%, ukuran partikel katalis 180 μm dan suhu reaksi 375°C. Biofuel yang dihasilkan mengandung 6,26% fraksi bensin(C 5 -C 11 ); 17,6% kerosin (C 12 -C 15 ), 47,73% biodiesel (C 16 -C 20 ) dan asam lemak 28,4%. Analisis sifat fisik menunjukan densitas 0,9631g/mL, titik tuang 12°C, titik nyala  49°C dan angka oktan 72,6. Kata kunci: catalytic cracking , crude biodiesel, angka oktan, biofuel . Crude biodiesel from transesterification of used cooking oil can be improved in quality through catalytic cracking using natural zeolite. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions for catalytic cracking and the physical and chemical properties of biofuels produced. The reaction was carried out in the reactor by varying the time (1, 2 and 3 hours), catalyst concentration (3, 5 and 7%), catalyst particle size (180, 250 and 630 μm) and reaction temperature (325, 350 and 375°C) . The optimum conditions for the catalytic cracking crude biodiesel process were obtained at: 3 hours, 7% catalyst concentration, catalyst particle size 180 μm and reaction temperature 375 ° C. The resulting biofuel contains 6.26% gasoline fraction (C 5 -C 11 ); 17.6% kerosene (C 12 -C 1 5), 47.73% biodiesel (C 16 -C 20 ) and fatty acids 28.4%. Physical properties analysis showed density of 0.9631g/mL, pour point 12°C, flash point 49°C and octane number 72.6. Keywords : C atalytic cracking, crude biodiesel, octane number, biofuel .

/pdf/upgrading-crude-biodiesel-dari-minyak-goreng-bekas-1lwqgcyyjb.pdf

Upgrading Crude Biodiesel dari Minyak Goreng Bekas menggunakan Katalis H-Zeolit

Biodiesel production generates crude glycerol with low purity as a byproduct. It must be purified to increase the economic value of glycerol. Purification can be performed using adsorbent from tea waste. This study aimed to examine the optimum condition of adsorption process, characterize the biosorbent from tea waste and determine the quality of purified glycerol. Crude glycerol was produced by transesterification reaction of used cooking oil with methanol using KOH as a catalyst. The reaction temperature was 60°C which was maintained for 60 minutes.Crude glycerol was separated from biodiesel and added with H3PO4 85% untilthe pH reached ±2.5. Glycerol level after acidification was 77%. After that, adsorption was performed using tea waste which was previously activated by 0.05 M NaOH. Adsorption process was conducted by varying contact time (30, 60, 75, 90 and 120 minutes), adsorption temperature (30, 45, 60 and 75°C), biosorbent concentration (6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 %) andbiosorbent particle size (180, 250 and 630 μm). The highest glycerol level (95.9544%) was achieved by setting the contact time for 90 minutes, adsorption temperature at 60°C, biosorbent concentrationat 12% andparticle sizeat 180 μm. The glycerol obtained from this process meets the quality requirements set bySNI06-1564-1995with water content3%,ash content0.3% andMONG level 0.7%. In addition, the purifiedglycerol had density 1.26 g/mL, potassium metal content 107 ppm andhad no sugar.There were alterations in functional group and surface morphology of tea waste after the adsorption took place.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012010/pdf

Purification of Crude Glycerol from Acidification Using Tea Waste

The scarcity of fossil fuel has led to the development of renewable energy sources, such as biofuel from plant oils. Jatropha curcas oil is one of the potential plant oil sources of biofuel. The conversion of Jatropha oil into biofuel can be achieved through catalytic cracking using the catalyst of Lampung natural zeolite. This study aimed to characterize the catalyst, to determine the optimum condition of the catalytic cracking process and to study the physicochemical characteristic of biofuel. The study was begun by activating Lampung natural zeolite, characterizing the catalyst, optimizing the catalytic cracking process and testing the biofuel. XRD result showed that the activated natural zeolite has a crystal structure, as suggested by the appearance of high-intensity peaks at 23.72o; 22.38o and 27.96o, which showed the generation of H-zeolite. Thermogravimetry analysis showed that H-zeolite started to decompose at 300 oC with 7.4% mass reduction and has thermal stability up until 700oC. The surface area of the zeolite was 53.2542 m2/g. The optimum condition for the cracking process was achieved at 375 °C for 2 hours and 5 % concentration of catalyst. The biofuel generated from this study consisted of 67.12 % gasoline (C5-C11), 11.87 % kerosene (C12-C15) and 21.01 % diesel (C16-C20). This biofuel has a density of 0.966 g/mL and pours point of 235°K.

Catalytic cracking of Jatropa curcas oil using natural zeolite of Lampung as a catalyst

The COVID-19 epidemic has been declared as a pandemic by WHO since March 11, 2020 The determination was based on the geographical spread of the virus which has reached 114 countries including Indonesia This is the aim of community service (PKM) Faculty of Engineering, University of Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya, this time, taking part in socializing how to tackle and prevent COVID-19 pandemi The theme of this PKM is the socialization of the role of social media in order to help cope with the COVID-19 and give procedure how to make and at once distributed of hand sanitizers and hand soap in the village of Sukaraja, Tambelang, Bekasi The method used is education by using a media pamflet which contains the role of social media in providing information about the COVID-19 outbreak, prevention and how to overcome it and the use of social media wisely Also given additional knowledge about how to make hand sanitizers and hand soap This method was chosen, as a form of social distancing when the implementation of large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) in Bekasi The results of the PKM were seen from the enthusiasm of the community in accepting the pamflet, and the distribution of hand sanitizers and hand soap It is expected that from this community service activity, the people of the village of Sukaraja, Tambelang can be smarter in utilizing existing social media and understanding about the COVID-19 outbreak, how to prevent and know how to make hand sanitizer, hand soap so that it triggers the entrepreneurial spirit
 
Keywords: covid-19, WHO, pandemic, hand sanitizer, psbb
 
Abstrak
 
Wabah COVID-19 telah dinyatakan sebagai pendemi oleh WHO sejak 11 Maret 2020 Penetapan itu didasarkan pada persebaran virus secara geografi yang telah mencapai 114 negara termasuk Indonesia Hal ini yang menjadi tujuan program pengabdian masyarakat (PKM) Fakultas Teknik Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya kali ini, yaitu ikut terjun mensosialisasikan cara menanggulangi dan mencegah pendemi COVID-19 Tema dari PKM ini yaitu sosialisasi peranan media sosial dalam rangka ikut menanggulangi wabah COVID-19 dengan pembuatan dan pembagian hand sanitizer serta hand soap di desa Sukaraja, Tambelang, Bekasi Metode yang digunakan adalah edukasi dengan menggunakan media pamflet yang berisi peranan media sosial dalam memberi info tentang wabah COVID-19, pencegahan dan cara menanggulanginya serta penggunaan media sosial dengan bijak Juga diberi tambahan pengetahuan tentang cara pembuatan hand sanitizer dan hand soap Dipilihnya metode ini, sebagai wujud social distancing saat berlakunya pembatasan sosial berskala besar (PSBB) di Bekasi Pamflet ini diserahkan kepada warga bersamaan dengan pembagian hand sanitizer dan hand soap Hasil dari PKM dilihat dari antusias masyarakat dalam menerima pamflet, dan pembagian hand sanitizer serta hand soap Diharapkan dari kegiatan PKM ini, masyarakat Desa Sukaraja, Tambelang bisa lebih cerdas dalam memanfaatkan media sosial yang ada dan memahami tentang wabah COVID-19, cara mencegah dan menanggulanginya, serta tahu cara pembuatan hand sanitizer dan hand soap sehingga dapat menjadi pemicu bagi jiwa kewirausahaan
 
Kata kunci: covid-19, WHO, pendemi, hand sanitizer, psbb

Sosialisasi Media Sosial dan Pembuatan Hand sanitizer, Hand soap Dalam Rangka Ikut serta Menanggulangi COVID-19

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