https://tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14686996.2017.1361305

Additive manufacturing of metals: a brief review of the characteristic microstructures and properties of steels, Ti-6Al-4V and high-entropy alloys

In the past 14 years, as a branch of high-entropy alloy (HEA) materials, HEA films and coatings have exhibited the attractive and unique properties, relative to the conventional film and coating ma...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21663831.2018.1434248

Microstructures and properties of high-entropy alloy films and coatings: a review

In recent years, high entropy alloys (HEAs) receive wide attention due to its unique alloy design concept and outstanding properties. This review presents a general overview of HEAs as a potential candidate for high‐temperature applications. The need for the profound research on the high‐temperature properties of HEAs is highlighted.

High-Entropy Alloys: Potential Candidates for High-Temperature Applications – An Overview

Additive manufacturing of high entropy alloys: A practical review

Laser cladding and surface alloying are surface modification techniques employed to fabricate thin coating/layer with improved surface properties or to refurbish surface defects by forming highly resistant gradient coatings/layers on the substrate. High energy density and cooling rates make these techniques suitable to process a wide range of materials. In recent years, due to the development of high power lasers, improved controlling and delivery mechanisms have attracted extensive research in laser surface treatment. Researchers have analyzed various process factors to improve process performance. The experimental and theoretical studies show that the performance of laser cladding and surface alloying techniques can be enhanced significantly by the proper selection of input process parameters. This paper summarizes various research works carried out so far in the area of laser cladding and surface alloying of different materials and their applications. It reports the research outcomes of experimental and theoretical studies conducted to improve the process performance. A brief introduction of various laser surface treatment processes is also included. Besides these various problems, their solutions and trend for future works have also been discussed.

Recent trends in laser cladding and surface alloying

Synthesis and microstructure characterization of Ni-Cr-Co-Ti-V-Al high entropy alloy coating on Ti-6Al-4V substrate by laser surface alloying

A Ni-Cr-Co-Ti-V-Al high-entropy alloy (HEA) coating with a BCC phase and (Ni, Co)Ti2 compounds was synthesized successfully by laser surface alloying on a Ti-6Al-4V substrate. The microstructure of as-synthesized coatings is typical, namely, the microstructure from the coating to the substrate changes from equiaxed grains to columnar grains. After remaining at 900 °C for 8 h, the constituent phases remain unchanged. However, owing to the unceasing dissolution of the Ti element, the lattice parameter of the BCC HEA phase changes from 3.06 A to 3.16 A. The thermoanalysis results show that the oxidation film on the Ni-Cr-Co-Ti-V-Al HEA coating is mainly composed of TiO2, V2O5, and NiO. The oxidation resistance of this HEA coating may be due to the existence of NiO and the alloying elements Al, Cr, and Co; the oxidation phenomenon should be responsible for the mass increase in the thermogravimetry process. The differential scanning calorimetry and the dynamic differential scanning calorimetry curves show that the synthesized HEA coating is stable below 1005 °C.

Microstructure and thermal stability of a Ni-Cr-Co-Ti-V-Al high-entropy alloy coating by laser surface alloying

To reduce carbon emissions and environmental impacts, ceramic waste powder (CWP) can be used to replace part of the cement in concrete. To understand the mechanisms of the influence of CWP on the properties (i.e. rheology, hydration and strength) of cement-based materials, a zeta potential test with different Ca2+ concentrations was conducted. It was found that CWP has a similar absorption for Ca2+ as cement and quartz particles, which is directly related to its surface chemical properties. The adsorption of Ca2+ on the particle surface affects the formation of C–S–H and the rheology of the cement paste. Based on the similarity in surface chemistry, it is elucidated that the effect of CWP on the rheology and early-age hydration of cement paste is attributed to its size or shape, not the surface chemical properties. In addition to strength measurement, the effect of CWP on the strength of cement paste was investigated by crack characterization and fracture surface observation. The results demonstrated that as hydration proceeded the interface strength between CWP and hydrates increased, and the chemical reaction of CWP became apparent. It also showed that CWP is an inert filler similar to quartz particles at early age. Nevertheless, at late age the pozzolanic reaction becomes obvious and improves the strength development of the cement paste. 

Surface properties of ceramic waste powder and its effect on the rheology, hydration and strength development of cement paste

In the black soil area, where soil erosion is severe and the soil is in urgent need of ecological restoration, providing reasonable and practical measures to prevent soil erosion and restore the soil is an urgent issue at present. In this study, nine runoff plots were deployed in Bin County, the core area of soil erosion control, to monitor runoff and soil loss long-term, simulated by the erosion potential method (EPM) for comparison. Studies have shown that soil erosion is strongly influenced by soil conservation measures, land use, and vegetation cover. In contrast, slope, pre-soil moisture content, and soil crusting due to rainfall can affect erosion in a single rainfall event. The most severe soil erosion was in bare land, up to 1093.58 t km−2 a−1, followed by longitudinal ridge tillage land (751.88 t km−2 a−1) and cross ridge tillage land (31.58 t km−2 a−1). The shrublands and mixed forests planted for ecological restoration experienced almost no erosion. The soil loss rate of the cross ridge tillage and ecological restoration plots was much lower than the allowable soil loss rate (200 t km−2 a−1). Under erosive storms, longitudinal ridge tillage can produce soil loss rates that far exceed those of bare ground. The change from longitudinal ridge tillage to cross ridge tillage on gentle slopes can effectively prevent soil erosion in the study area. The vegetation restoration measures of planting shrubs such as Amorpha fruticosa Linn. are incredibly effective in the ecological restoration of wastelands in black soil areas. For the black soil area after the retreat, the vertical structure of vegetation can be improved by planting shrubs at the bottom, thus achieving a good restoration effect.

/pdf/study-on-the-characteristics-of-soil-erosion-in-the-black-2oc59vq7.pdf

Study on the Characteristics of Soil Erosion in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China under Natural Rainfall Conditions: The Case of Sunjiagou Small Watershed

Herein, a new type of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator—phosphorus-doped carbon nitride (P-C3N4)—was prepared using a one-step thermal shrinkage method. Material characterisation confirmed the successful doping of phosphorus in graphite-phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) by replacing the carbon atoms in its triazine ring structure to form PN bonds. Phosphorus doping can regulate and re-organise the surface electronic structure of g-C3N4 without changing its structure. Moreover, phosphorus doping promotes varying degrees of optimisation of the g-C3N4 pore structure and electronic transport between the g-C3N4 sites. Batch experiments on tetracycline (TC) degradation revealed that 0.2 P-C3N4 showed the best physicochemical properties, the constructed P-C3N4/PMS system exhibited high TC removal efficiency and P-C3N4 exhibited good reusability and structural stability. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance tests revealed that singlet oxygen was the primary active species in the P-C3N4/PMS system. The mechanism of PMS activation using P-C3N4 was then proposed. The analysis of TC and its intermediate products using liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy demonstrated that TC was primarily degraded via ring-opening, hydroxylation, deamination and dealkylation reactions. Analysis using the toxicity estimation software tool demonstrated that most intermediate products were less toxic than TC. Thus, this study provides a feasible method for removing TC from aquatic environments. 

Phosphorus doping to enhance the peroxymonosulfate activation efficiency of carbon nitride for degrading tetracycline

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