Activated carbon refers to a wide range of carbonised materials of high degree of porosity and high surface area. Activated carbon has many applications in the environment and industry for the removal, retrieval, separation and modification of various compounds in liquid and gas phases. Selection of the chemical activator agent is a major step controlling the performance and applicability of activated carbon. Here, we review chemical activators used to produce activated carbon. We compare the impregnation method with the physical mixing method used in activating with alkali hydroxides. We selected 81 articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Embase and Medlin databases. Eighteen articles report the activation with potassium hydroxide, 17 with phosphoric acid, 15 with zinc chloride, 11 with potassium carbonate, nine with sodium hydroxide, and 11 with new activating agents. Activation with phosphoric acid is commonly used for lignocellulosic material and at lower temperatures. Zinc chloride generates more surface area than phosphoric acid but is used less due to environmental concerns. Potassium carbonate, in comparison with potassium hydroxide, produces higher yields and a higher surface area for the adsorption of large pollutant molecules such as dyes. Activating with potassium hydroxide in terms of surface area and efficiency shows better results than sodium hydroxide for various applications. Also, the comparison of the physical mixing method and the impregnation method in activation with alkali metals indicates that the activated carbon obtained through physical mixing had a higher porosity than the activated carbon produced by the impregnation method.

Methods for preparation and activation of activated carbon: a review

Activated carbons were prepared from Fox nutshell by chemical activation with H 3 PO 4 in N 2 atmosphere and their characteristics were studied. The effects of activation temperature and impregnation ratio were examined. N 2 adsorption isotherms characterized the surface area, total pore volume, micropore volume and pore size distribution of activated carbons. Activated carbon was produced at 700 °C with a 1.5 impregnation ratio and one hour of activation time has found 2636 m 2 /g and 1.53 cm 3 /g of highest BET surface area and total pore volume, respectively. The result of Fourier-infrared spectroscopy analysis of the prepared activated carbon confirmed that the carbon has abundant functional groups on the surface. Field emission scanning electron micrographs of the prepared activated carbon showed that a porous structure formed during activation.

WITHDRAWN: Preparation and characterization of high surface area activated carbon from Fox nut (Euryale ferox) shell by chemical activation with H3PO4

Activated biochar derived from Opuntia ficus-indica for the efficient adsorption of malachite green dye, Cu+2 and Ni+2 from water.

Adsorption of caffeine on mesoporous activated carbon fibers prepared from pineapple plant leaves.

Insight into activated carbon from different kinds of chemical activating agents: A review.

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from reedy grass leaves by chemical activation with H 3 PO 4

Flame-retarded poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) materials have been prepared by using zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4 (ZFO)) combined with magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2 (MH)). The effects of these additives on the combustion and thermal degradation of PVC samples were studied using the limiting oxygen index test, the smoke density rating test, thermogravimetric–differential thermogravimetry, and the cone calorimeter test. The results showed that ZFO and MH were good synergists for improving the flame retardancy and smoke-suppressing of PVC/MH/ZFO blends. ZFO can significantly improve the maximum mass loss velocity in the first stage, and reduce the initial decomposition temperature and the decomposition range in the PVC/MH/ZFO blends. The char yield at 700 °C of flame-retarded PVC clearly decreased below theoretical values due to the cationic cracking reactions in the presence of ZFO. Furthermore, the PVC/10MH/10ZFO showed strong flame-retarding synergism since the decreased average heat release rate value. And the PVC/19MH/1ZFO presented a significant smoke-suppressing effect by the least average specific extinction area, peak smoke production rate, and total smoke produce. Moreover, the CO and CO2 production was increased because of a large amount of fragment of char residue in contact air in the presence of ZFO.

Using cone calorimeter to study thermal degradation of flexible PVC filled with zinc ferrite and Mg(OH)2

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Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from reedy grass leaves by chemical activation with H 3 PO 4

Using cone calorimeter to study thermal degradation of flexible PVC filled with zinc ferrite and Mg(OH)2