2D Layered Materials: Synthesis, Nonlinear Optical Properties, and Device Applications

Vector beams, and in particular vector vortex beams, have found many applications in recent times, both as classical fields and as quantum states. While much attention has focused on the creation and detection of scalar optical fields, it is only recently that vector beams have found their place in the modern laboratory. In this review, we outline the fundamental concepts of vector beams, summarise the various approaches to control them in the laboratory, and give a concise overview of the many applications they have spurned.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2040-8986/aaeb7d/pdf

A review of complex vector light fields and their applications

Recently, 2D materials are in great demand for various applications such as optical devices, supercapacitors, sensors, and biomedicine. MXenes as a kind of novel 2D material have attracted considerable research interest due to their outstanding mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties. Especially, the excellent nonlinear optical response enables them to be potential candidates for the applications in ultrafast photonics. Here, a review of MXenes synthesis, optical properties, and applications in ultrafast lasers is presented. First, aqueous acid etching and chemical vapor deposition methods for preparing MXenes are introduced, in which the storage stability and challenges of the existing synthesis techniques are also discussed. Then, the optical properties of MXenes are discussed specifically, including plasmonic properties, optical detection, photothermal effects, and ultrafast dynamics. Furthermore, the typical ultrafast pulsed lasers enabled by MXene-based saturable absorbers operated at different wavelength regions are summarized. Finally, a summary and outlook on the development of MXenes is presented in the perspectives section.

MXenes: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Applications in Ultrafast Photonics.

Although the physicochemical properties of niobium carbide (Nb2C) have been widely investigated, their exploration in the field of photoelectronics is still at the infancy stage with many potential applications that remain to be exploited. Hence, it is demonstrated here that few-layer Nb2C MXene can serve as an excellent building block for both photoelectrochemical-type photodetectors (PDs) and mode-lockers. We show that the photoresponse performance can be readily adjusted by external conditions and that Nb2C NSs exhibit a great potential for narrow-band PDs. The demonstrated mechanism was further confirmed by work functions predicted by density functional theory calculations. In addition, as an optical switch for passively mode-locked fiber lasers, ultrastable pulses can be demonstrated in the telecommunication and mid-infrared regions for Nb2C MXene, and as high as the 69th harmonic order with 411 MHz at the center wavelength of 1882 nm can be achieved. These intriguing results indicate that few-layer Nb2C nanosheets can be used as building blocks for various photoelectronic devices, further broadening the application prospects of two-dimensional MXenes.

Applications of Few-Layer Nb2C MXene: Narrow-Band Photodetectors and Femtosecond Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers.

Generation, optimization, and application of ultrashort femtosecond pulse in mode-locked fiber lasers

The interest in pulsed fiber laser technology surrounds lots of critical optoelectronic applications ranging from optical communications, remote sensing to industrial material processing. Here, a femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser at 1560 nm have been demonstrated by using bulk-structured transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) – PtSe2 as the pulse modulator. The PtSe2 modulator was fabricated by using mechanically exfoliated methods from its single crystal and the exfoliated PtSe2 was directly transferred to the polished surface of the D-shaped fiber. Due to the strong interaction between PtSe2 and evanescent field, a self-starting Q-switched operation can be obtained. Furthermore, the mode-locking operation can be achieved easily by controlling the intra-cavity polarization states. Stable mode-locked operation can be maintained with pulse duration of 861 fs and signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 61.1 dB. These experimental results can validate the excellent nonlinear optical performance of PtSe2, and may make inroads for the ultrafast applications of the bulk and low-dimensional TMDs.

Bulk-structured PtSe2 for femtosecond fiber laser mode-locking

We demonstrated passively Q-switched mid-infrared (mid-IR) erbium-doped fiber lasers by using gold nanostars (GNSs) as the Q-switcher. The nonlinear optical responses of the GNSs synthesized via the seed-mediated method have been characterized via a Z-scan technique, and the modulation depth and saturation intensity of the GNSs are measured to be 25% and 15.75  kW/cm2, respectively. The Q-switched fiber laser can deliver a maximum average power of 454 mW with corresponding pulse energy of 3.6 μJ and pulse duration of 536 ns at a repetition rate of 125 kHz under the incident pump power 3.5 W. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Letter that reports that the GNSs can act as a Q-switcher for the mid-IR erbium-doped ZBLAN fiber lasers. This Letter can deepen the understanding of the nonlinear optical behavior of the gold nanomaterials and may make inroads for the excellent mid-infrared optoelectronic devices.

Gold nanostars as a Q-switcher for the mid-infrared erbium-doped fluoride fiber laser.

Bismuth (Bi), a topological material, where many interesting condensed matter phenomena have been observed, possesses unique physical properties when its thickness is reduced to thin film. Here, we prepared the highly stable, single-crystalline, continuous Bi thin film via the vapor deposition (VD) method and found that the Bi thin film can exhibit broadband, ultrafast nonlinear optical response with low saturable intensity ranging from the near-infrared to mid-infrared spectral range under strong excitation. Moreover, we demonstrated that the Bi thin film was favorable to act as a nonlinear pulse modulator toward a high performance pulsed laser operating in optical communication and mid-infrared wavelengths. The experimental results highlight the prospects of Bi thin film as broadband pulsed modulators and may open new avenues toward advanced Bi-based broadband photonic devices.

Broadband Nonlinear Optical Response of Single-Crystalline Bismuth Thin Film.

We experimentally demonstrated that the stable dissipative solitons can be generated from the Yb-doped fiber laser with the interaction of mechanically exfoliated NbSe2 and the evanescent field of the D-shaped fiber. The modulation depth of the saturable absorber with exfoliated layered NbSe2 is 17.26% and the saturation intensity is 34.8 kW/cm2, respectively. With the proposed saturable absorber, the Yb-doped fiber laser can deliver stable dissipative soliton with pulse duration 174 ps, repetition rate 14.7 MHz and signal-to-noise ratio 59.8 dB at the pump power 300 mW. The experimental results provide an insight for the ultrafast nonlinear optical response of layered transition metal dichalcogenide, which may provide strategies for developing high-performance ultrafast nonlinear optical devices.

/pdf/dissipative-soliton-generation-from-yb-doped-fiber-laser-12n06q32sq.pdf

Dissipative Soliton Generation From Yb-Doped Fiber Laser Modulated by Mechanically Exfoliated NbSe2

We report a watt-level mid-infrared (mid-IR) superfluorescent fiber source from ${{\rm Er}^{3 +}}$-doped ZBLAN fiber near 3 µm spectral range. With the power amplifier configuration, the mid-IR superfluorescent fiber source with power up to 1.85 W has been delivered successfully with slope efficiency about 18.6%. The experimental results may pave an avenue toward a high-power, high-temporal-stability superfluorescent source for versatile mid-IR applications.

Watt-level superfluorescent fiber source near 3 µm.

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