Analysis of urinary VOCs using mass spectrometric methods to diagnose cancer: A review.

Non-invasive cancer detection using volatile biomarkers: Is urine superior to breath?

Urinary volatile metabolomics as a viable alternative diagnostic tool for polycystic ovary syndrome: An exploratory hypothesis.

Harnessing the potential of sniffing dogs and GC–MS in analyzing human urine: A comprehensive review of sample preparation and extraction techniques

Determination of analytes with a wide range of physicochemical properties in complex matrices, and if possible in vivo, is a demanding task. Accordingly, there is a significant effort to develop novel analytical approaches capable of addressing the challenges mentioned above. Moreover, the green aspect of analytical methods has become indispensable as new methods should agree with the principles of green chemistry. Therefore, the development of modern strategies that are capable of satisfying these requirements is imperative. The miniaturization of sampling devices is one of the most encouraging progress in the context of green sample preparation. Most importantly, miniaturization leads to a decrease in the amount of sample and solvent used; therefore, less waste is associated with the analytical workflow. Furthermore, miniaturization provides an opportunity for in vivo sampling as such devices are less invasive to investigated systems, bringing related techniques to the forefront in contemporary analytical chemistry. In this chapter, green sample preparation techniques applied in in vivo analysis and metabolomics are summarized. In the first section, two sampling techniques which are in the spotlights for in vivo analysis, namely, solid-phase microextraction and microdialysis, are discussed. In this section, a brief introduction to fundamental principles of the techniques, the cutting-edge in vivo applications, and a comparative eco-scale assessment are provided. In the second section, green sample preparation strategies applied in MS-based metabolomics were discussed with a primary focus on state-of-the-art developments and contemporary applications in plant, food, and samples of clinical interest. 

Applying green sample preparation techniques to in vivo analysis and metabolomics

To date, there have been a limited number of useful biomarkers for the screening and monitoring of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL), which leads to the impetus to discover novel biomarkers for the disease. In the present study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with head-space solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) was employed to analyze the volatile metabolites in the urine samples of 131 subjects. The subjects were divided into 4 main groups: Aggressive B-NHL, indolent B-NHL, benign lymphatic diseases patients and healthy volunteers. The differences of the concentrations of the potential biomarkers among the groups were assessed by non-parametric Wilcoxon's test. The ability of the potential biomarkers to discriminate between the four aforementioned groups was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). The present study indicated that 4-heptanone, 2-methylpyrazine, 2-methylbutanal, 2,6-dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol and decanoic acid may serve as potential biomarkers for B-NHL. The area under the curve (AUC) values of single potential biomarker ranged from 0.634 to 0.901. The diagnostic models established with combined biomarkers exhibited higher diagnostic values (AUC, 0.824-0.968) compared with the models established with single biomarkers. The present study indicated that urinary volatile metabolites might be potential biomarkers for screening and monitoring of B-NHL.

/pdf/volatile-metabonomic-profiling-in-urine-to-detect-novel-36sw6vlu3a.pdf

Volatile metabonomic profiling in urine to detect novel biomarkers for B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

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Volatile metabonomic profiling in urine to detect novel biomarkers for B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.