Recent technological advances in integrated circuits, wireless communications and physiological sensing have allowed ultra-low power, intelligent-monitoring tiny devices to settle around the human body, forming a wireless body area network (WBAN) to collect information for a particular purpose. As these tiny devices are low-weighted and energy-restricted, ‘energy efficiency’ becomes a key issue. Built in 2012 to facilitate the development of WBAN, the ‘IEEE 802.15.6’ standard operates with one-hop star and two-hop restricted tree topologies. Its two-hop extension protocol has relaying nodes (working as a microhub), process node joining and schedule two-hop transmissions, thus reducing their lifetime. To reduce the energy consumption and overhead for relaying nodes, the authors introduce a new two-hop extension protocol which lets the generally better resource-equipped hub directly transmit packets to the downlink relayed nodes. Analytical and experimental evaluations show that when advancing ‘IEEE 802.15.6’ in extending the lifetime of relaying nodes with less energy consumption and overhead, the authors’ new protocol also retains its advantages, including longer lifetime for relayed nodes and lower bit error rates.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1049/iet-wss.2012.0070

Energy-efficient two-hop extension protocol for wireless body area networks

Recent developments in electronics and wireless communications have enabled the improvement of low-power and low-cost wireless sensors networks (WSNs). One of the most important challenges in WSNs is to increase the network lifetime due to the limited energy capacity of the network nodes. Another major challenge in WSNs is the hot spots that emerge as locations under heavy traffic load. Nodes in such areas quickly drain energy resources, leading to disconnection in network services. In such an environment, cross-layer cluster-based energy-efficient algorithms (CCBE) can prolong the network lifetime and energy efficiency. CCBE is based on clustering the nodes to different hexagonal structures. A hexagonal cluster consists of cluster members (CMs) and a cluster head (CH). The CHs are selected from the CMs based on nodes near the optimal CH distance and the residual energy of the nodes. Additionally, the optimal CH distance that links to optimal energy consumption is derived. To balance the energy consumption and the traffic load in the network, the CHs are rotated among all CMs. In WSNs, energy is mostly consumed during transmission and reception. Transmission collisions can further decrease the energy efficiency. These collisions can be avoided by using a contention-free protocol during the transmission period. Additionally, the CH allocates slots to the CMs based on their residual energy to increase sleep time. Furthermore, the energy consumption of CH can be further reduced by data aggregation. In this paper, we propose a data aggregation level based on the residual energy of CH and a cost-aware decision scheme for the fusion of data. Performance results show that the CCBE scheme performs better in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption and throughput compared to low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) and hybrid energy-efficient distributed clustering (HEED).

/pdf/cross-layer-cluster-based-energy-efficient-protocol-for-3xuc9015u4.pdf

Cross-layer cluster-based energy-efficient protocol for wireless sensor networks.

Wireless sensors are battery-limited sensing and computing devices. How to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensors becomes an important issue. In order to reduce the energy consumptions when nodes are in idle listening, duty-cycle-based MAC protocols are introduced to let node go into sleep mode periodically or aperiodically. The long duty cycle makes sensors increase the transmission throughput but consumes more energy. The short duty cycle makes sensors have low energy consumption rate but increases the transmission delay. In this paper, a dynamic traffic-aware MAC protocol for energy conserving in wireless sensor networks is proposed. The proposed MAC protocol can provide better data transmission rate when sensors are with high traffic loading. On the other hand, the proposed MAC protocol can save energy when sensors are with low traffic loading. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has better data throughput than other duty-cycle-based MAC protocols, for example, S-MAC and U- MAC. We also developed a set of comprehensive experiments based on the well-known OMNET++ simulator and revealed that our proposed TA-MAC performs significantly outstanding than related schemes under various situations.

/pdf/a-dynamic-traffic-aware-duty-cycle-adjustment-mac-protocol-w7t7esz34u.pdf

A dynamic traffic-aware duty cycle adjustment MAC protocol for energy conserving in wireless sensor networks

An Energy-Efficient Clustering Algorithm for Maximizing Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks using Machine Learning

Recent advancement in micro-electro- mechanical systems (mems) have enabled the development of Wireless sensor Network (WSN) which is gaining popularity day by day and is used in wide range of applications. The sensor nodes that constitute WSN have several constraints like limited battery power, memory constraint, limited bandwidth etc. Therefore designing an efficient MAC layer protocol is a challenging task. TDMA-based MAC protocols can avoid collisions, overhearing and idle listening and therefore energy efficient. In this paper, we firstly describe a brief account of the factors influencing WSN MAC design. Then, we describe several TDMA-based MAC protocols both centralized and distributed which are proposed so far for wireless sensor network.

A Survey on TDMA-based MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Network

MAC protocol is the major consumer of sensor energy because it controls the activity of wireless radio of sensor nodes directly. The energy efficiency of MAC protocol makes a strong impact on the network performance. TDMA-based MAC protocol is inherently collision free, and can rule out idle listening since nodes know when to transmit. But traditional TDMA protocol is not suitable for event driven application. In this paper, we present ED-TDMA, an event driven TDMA protocol for wireless sensor network. It improves channel utility by changing the length of TDMA frame according to the number of source nodes and saves energy with bitmap-assisted TDMA schedule. In addition, ED-TDMA employs intra-cluster coverage to prolong network lifetime and to improve system scalability. Simulation results show that ED-TDMA performs better than some other MAC protocol for event driven application in wireless sensor network with high-density deployment and under low traffic.

An Event Driven TDMA Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

The invention discloses a vehicle-mounted self-organizing network communication system for vehicle parking assistance, consisting of a vehicle provided with a wireless communication device, V2V and a functional module for supporting the vehicle parking assistance. If a vehicle parking group is available, vehicles join in the vehicle parking group after entering into a park and stopping and store the information carried by self into the vehicle parking group, and if the vehicle parking group is unavailable, a new vehicle parking group which is in unit of the park with fixed geographical position and stable network topology is established; the parked vehicles are dynamically managed for providing a data centre with high efficiency and reliable data service for a vehicle-mounted self-organizing network; while passing through the vehicle parking group, the mobile vehicles store the information to be transmitted or stored into the vehicle parking group; the vehicle parking groups in the city are cooperated with each other to form a large-scale distributed-type database which is used for realizing communication or management of all vehicles in the city.

Vehicle-mounted self-organizing network communication system for vehicle parking assistance

An embodiment of the present application provides a target tracking method and apparatus, and a readable storage medium. The target tracking method includes extracting a feature matrix of each frame image from a dynamic frame sequence, and obtaining position information of a target to be tracked from a designated frame image of the dynamic frame sequence. The position information of the target tobe tracked and the characteristic matrix of each frame image are input into the target tracking model in order. The target tracking model is used to track the target in iterative period, and the position information of each frame image is obtained. In each iteration period, the target tracking model outputs the position information of the target to be tracked in the corresponding frame image according to the characteristic matrix of the corresponding frame image of the iteration period, the characteristic matrix of each frame image before the corresponding frame image and the position information. Thus, in the process of tracking the position of the target, the historical data is effectively utilized, the accuracy rate of the target tracking is improved, the computation amount of the target tracking is reduced, and the efficiency of the target tracking is improved.

Target tracking method, and apparatus and readable storage medium

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An Event Driven TDMA Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Vehicle-mounted self-organizing network communication system for vehicle parking assistance

Target tracking method, and apparatus and readable storage medium