Hydrogels for biomedical applications.

Healthcare-acquired infections as well as increasing antimicrobial resistance have become an urgent global challenge, thus smart alternative solutions are needed to tackle bacterial infections. Antibacterial materials in biomedical applications and hospital hygiene have attracted great interest, in particular, the emergence of surface design strategies offer an effective alternative to antibiotics, thereby preventing the possible development of bacterial resistance. In this review, recent progress on advanced surface modifications to prevent bacterial infections are addressed comprehensively, starting with the key factors against bacterial adhesion, followed by varying strategies that can inhibit biofilm formation effectively. Furthermore, "super antibacterial systems" through pre-treatment defense and targeted bactericidal system, are proposed with increasing evidence of clinical potential. Finally, the advantages and future challenges of surface strategies to resist healthcare-associated infections are discussed, with promising prospects of developing novel antimicrobial materials.

Surface Design for Antibacterial Materials: From Fundamentals to Advanced Strategies

Nano-textured surfaces (NTS) are critical to organisms as self-adaptation and survival tools. These NTS have been actively mimicked in the process of developing bactericidal surfaces for diverse biomedical and hygiene applications. To design and fabricate bactericidal topographies effectively for various applications, understanding the bactericidal mechanism of NTS in nature is essential. The current mechanistic explanations on natural bactericidal activity of nanopillars have not utilized recent advances in microscopy to study the natural interaction. This research reveals the natural bactericidal interaction between E.coli and a dragonfly wing's NTS using advanced microscopy techniques and propose a model. Contrary to the existing mechanistic models, this experimental approach demonstrated that the NTS of dragonfly wings has two prominent nanopillar populations and the resolved interface shows membrane damage occurred without direct contact of the bacterial cell membrane with the nanopillars. We propose that the bacterial membrane damage is initiated by a combination of strong adhesion between nanopillars and bacterium EPS layer as well as shear force when immobilised bacterium attempt to move on the NTS. These findings could help guide the design of novel bio-mimetic nanomaterials by maximising the synergies between both biochemical and mechanical bactericidal effects.Nano-textured surfaces (NTS) are critical to organisms as self-adaptation and survival tools. These NTS have been actively mimicked in the process of developing bactericidal surfaces for diverse biomedical and hygiene applications. To design and fabricate bactericidal topographies effectively for various applications, understanding the bactericidal mechanism of NTS in nature is essential. The current mechanistic explanations on natural bactericidal activity of nanopillars have not utilized recent advances in microscopy to study the natural interaction. This research reveals the natural bactericidal interaction between E.coli and a dragonfly wing's NTS using advanced microscopy techniques and propose a model. Contrary to the existing mechanistic models, this experimental approach demonstrated that the NTS of dragonfly wings has two prominent nanopillar populations and the resolved interface shows membrane damage occurred without direct contact of the bacterial cell membrane with the nanopillars. We propose that the bacterial membrane damage is initiated by a combination of strong adhesion between nanopillars and bacterium EPS layer as well as shear force when immobilised bacterium attempt to move on the NTS. These findings could help guide the design of novel bio-mimetic nanomaterials by maximising the synergies between both biochemical and mechanical bactericidal effects.

Bactericidal effects of natural nanotopography of dragonfly wing on Escherichia coli

Abstract The applications of hydrogels have expanded significantly due to their versatile, highly tunable properties and breakthroughs in biomaterial technologies. In this review, we cover the major achievements and the potential of hydrogels in therapeutic applications, focusing primarily on two areas: emerging cell-based therapies and promising non-cell therapeutic modalities. Within the context of cell therapy, we discuss the capacity of hydrogels to overcome the existing translational challenges faced by mainstream cell therapy paradigms, provide a detailed discussion on the advantages and principal design considerations of hydrogels for boosting the efficacy of cell therapy, as well as list specific examples of their applications in different disease scenarios. We then explore the potential of hydrogels in drug delivery, physical intervention therapies, and other non-cell therapeutic areas (e.g., bioadhesives, artificial tissues, and biosensors), emphasizing their utility beyond mere delivery vehicles. Additionally, we complement our discussion on the latest progress and challenges in the clinical application of hydrogels and outline future research directions, particularly in terms of integration with advanced biomanufacturing technologies. This review aims to present a comprehensive view and critical insights into the design and selection of hydrogels for both cell therapy and non-cell therapies, tailored to meet the therapeutic requirements of diverse diseases and situations. 

Harnessing the potential of hydrogels for advanced therapeutic applications: current achievements and future directions

Injectable hydrogels (IHs) are smart biomaterials and are the most widely investigated and versatile technologies, which can be either implanted or inserted into living bodies with minimal invasion. Their unique features, tunable structure and stimuli-responsive biodegradation properties make these IHs promising in many biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, regenerative medicines, implants, drug/protein/gene delivery, cancer treatment, aesthetic corrections and spinal fusions. In this review, we comprehensively analyze the current development of several important types of IHs, including all those that have received FDA approval, are under clinical trials or are available commercially on the market. We also analyze the structural chemistry, synthesis, bonding, chemical/physical crosslinking and responsive release in association with current prospective research. Finally, we also review IHs’ associated future prospects, hurdles, limitations and challenges in their development, fabrication, synthesis, in situ applications and regulatory affairs.

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Current and Future Prospective of Injectable Hydrogels—Design Challenges and Limitations

Antibacterial hydrogel coating: Strategies in surface chemistry.

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Antibacterial hydrogel coating: Strategies in surface chemistry.