Terrestrial laser scanners (TLSs) are increasingly used in several applications such as reverse engineering, digital reconstruction of historical monuments, geodesy and surveying, deformation monitoring of structures, forensic crime scene preservation, manufacturing and assembly of engineering components, and architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) applications. The tolerances required in these tasks range from few tens of millimeters (for example, in historical monument digitization) to few tens of micrometers (for example, in high precision manufacturing and assembly). With numerous TLS instrument manufacturers, each offering multiple models of TLSs with idiosyncratic specifications, it is a considerable challenge for users to compare instruments or evaluate their performance to determine if they meet specifications. As a result, considerable efforts have been made by research groups across the world to model TLS error sources and to develop specialized performance evaluation test procedures. In this paper, we review these efforts including recent work to develop documentary standards for TLS performance evaluation and discuss the role of these test procedures in establishing metrological traceability of TLS measurements.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/abdae3/pdf

Performance evaluation of terrestrial laser scanners – a review

The discoveries made in the twentieth-century include attempts to understand the origin of the universe, constituents of matter, enigmas of biological reactions, etc. could be possible mainly due to the extensive development in the field of particle accelerators. All the particle accelerators, irrespective of their scientific application, need precise alignment of various components for proper functioning. Survey and alignment activities in particle accelerators comprise precise positioning of various components, mainly magnets within micrometric tolerances over a length of hundreds of meters relative to the reference position as defined by the beam physicists in an arbitrary plane. The practice of specialized techniques and instruments are compulsory to meet these requirements. Due to the advancement in optical technology, low-cost computation, and fast data acquisition, laser trackers are commonly used in the field of large-scale dimensional metrology (LSDM). The area of LSDM also includes survey and alignment of the components at their nominal value with a precision of better than ±100 μm over a distance ranging from hundreds of meters to a few kilometres in particle accelerators. In the present study, the use and applicability of laser trackers in various precision positioning activities applicable to particle accelerators are presented in detail.

A review on application of laser tracker in precision positioning metrology of particle accelerators

Performance evaluation of laser trackers using the network method

Five National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) worked together to validate the assessment of laser tracker's (LT) uncertainty for large scale dimensional metrology in subsequent measurements using the network method. The LT uncertainty is assessed by measuring a set of a fixed network of targets from different LT positions. Afterward, we must perform a “bundled adjustment” of all the measurements to determine the transformations of the LT positions that minimize the residuals (differences) between a computed “virtual” group of targets, called composite points, and the redundant targets coming from the LT positions transformed to a unique LT position. Each residual is weighted with the LT's Maximum Permissible Error (MPE) specified by the LT manufacturer. The standard deviation of the weighted residuals becomes LT uncertainty. Afterward, with Monte-Carlo simulation, we propagate the LT uncertainty to the position of every target in the network and 3D distances between them. LT uncertainty is valid if 3D distance's uncertainties computed with composite points is greater than the error computed with these distances minus the same distances calibrated with the line of sight method (LOS) or if the absolute normalized error is less or equal to one. LOS method uses only the LT's interferometer for calibration, which dispense the use of a calibrated scale bar. Based on the network method, the NMIs developed two methods to improve LT geometry error parameters. The first improves the LT geometry error parameters by fitting the composite points to the LT geometry error model. The second evaluates the parameters placing the LT geometry error model in the minimization of the bundled adjustment's residual. LT geometry error parameters are valid if the parameter's uncertainties are negligent compared to its value.

Validation of the network method for evaluating uncertainty and improvement of geometry error parameters of a laser tracker

Terrestrial laser scanner calibration and performance evaluation using the network method.

Methods to calibrate a three-sphere scale bar for laser scanner performance evaluation per the ASTM E3125-17

A first realization of ASTM E3125-17 test procedures for laser scanner performance evaluation

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Performance evaluation of laser trackers using the network method

Methods to calibrate a three-sphere scale bar for laser scanner performance evaluation per the ASTM E3125-17

A first realization of ASTM E3125-17 test procedures for laser scanner performance evaluation