Laves phases with their comparably simple crystal structure are very common intermetallic phases and can be formed from element combinations all over the periodic table resulting in a huge number of known examples. Even though this type of phases is known for almost 100 years, and although a lot of information on stability, structure, and properties has accumulated especially during the last about 20 years, systematic evaluation and rationalization of this information in particular as a function of the involved elements is often lacking. It is one of the two main goals of this review to summarize the knowledge for some selected respective topics with a certain focus on non-stoichiometric, i.e., non-ideal Laves phases. The second, central goal of the review is to give a systematic overview about the role of Laves phases in all kinds of materials for functional and structural applications. There is a surprisingly broad range of successful utilization of Laves phases in functional applications comprising Laves phases as hydrogen storage material (Hydraloy), as magneto-mechanical sensors and actuators (Terfenol), or for wear- and corrosion-resistant coatings in corrosive atmospheres and at high temperatures (Tribaloy), to name but a few. Regarding structural applications, there is a renewed interest in using Laves phases for creep-strengthening of high-temperature steels and new respective alloy design concepts were developed and successfully tested. Apart from steels, Laves phases also occur in various other kinds of structural materials sometimes effectively improving properties, but often also acting in a detrimental way.

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Laves phases: a review of their functional and structural applications and an improved fundamental understanding of stability and properties

Structure and stability of Laves phases part II—structure type variations in binary and ternary systems

A synergistic approach of thermodynamic and kinetic modeling is applied to the Cr-Ti-V system. To assist the design of (α+β) and β titanium alloys for structural applications and vanadium alloys for fusion reactor applications, a set of self-consistent and optimized thermodynamic model parameters is presented to describe the phase equilibria of the Cr-Ti, Cr-V, Ti-V, and Cr-Ti-V systems. The Laves phases, α-Cr2Ti, β-Cr2Ti, and γ-Cr2Ti, are described by a two-sublattice model assuming antistructure atoms on both sublattices. The calculated thermodynamic quantities and phase diagrams are in good accord with the corresponding experimental data. To assist the simulation of the kinetics of diffusional transformations in bodycentered cubic (bcc) alloys, the atomic mobilities of Cr, Ti, and V are modeled. A set of optimized mobility parameters is given. Very good agreement between the calculated and experimental diffusivities was found.

Thermodynamic and kinetic modeling of the Cr-Ti-V system

The partial system CrSi-Si has been reinvestigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) resulting in confirmation of the general features of the accepted phase diagram, but with significant corrections for most invariant reaction temperatures. Most prominently, the melting of CrSi2 has been found to occur at 1438±2 °C. Critical evaluation has reconciled the literature data with the present results. A new thermodynamic description of the entire Cr-Si system was derived using for input the present experimental results as well as previous model parameters. Within the experimental uncertainties, agreement is obtained between the experimentally determined and the modeled phase diagram as well as other thermodynamic functions.

Experimental reinvestigation of the CrSi-Si partial system and update of the thermodynamic description of the entire Cr-Si system

The kinetics of a polytypic Laves phase transformation in TiCr2

A thermodynamic description of the Cr-Ti system is obtained by the optimization of the available thermodynamic and phase diagram data. The Redlich-Kister polynomial is used to describe the excess Gibbs energies of the liquid, bcc and hcp phases. The sublattice model is used to describe the different types of Cr 2 Ti Lives phases. The α-Cr 2 Ti phase is described with two sublattices after the formula (Cr,Ti) 2 (Ti,Cr) 1 . The β-Cr 2 Ti and γ-Cr 2 Ti phase are described with three sublattices after the formula (Cr) 2 (Ti,Cr) 4 (Cr,Ti) 6 . Calculated phase diagram and thermodynamic data show good agreement with the experimental data.

Thermodynamic optimization of the Cr-Ti system

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Thermodynamic optimization of the Cr-Ti system