https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/landia/PIIS2213-8587(16)30052-3.pdf

Diabetic macular oedema

Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease with complications that include sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. It is essential to understand the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy before effective prevention can be implemented. The aim of this review was to examine the association between diabetic retinopathy and systemic risk factors. Methods A PubMed literature search was performed up to May 2016 to identify articles reporting associations between diabetic retinopathy and systemic risk factors; only publications written in English were included. Relevant articles were selected and analysed. Results Patients with diabetic retinopathy were more likely to have poor glycaemic control as reflected by a higher glycated haemoglobin, longer duration of diabetes, and use of insulin therapy for treatment. For other systemic risk factors, hypertension was positively associated with prevalence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. No clear association between obesity, hyperlipidaemia, gender, or smoking with diabetic retinopathy has been established as studies reported inconsistent findings. Myopia was a protective factor for the development of diabetic retinopathy. Several genetic polymorphisms were also found to be associated with an increased risk of development of diabetic retinopathy. Conclusions Good glycaemic and blood pressure control remain the most important modifiable risk factors to reduce the risk of progression of diabetic retinopathy and vision loss.

/pdf/associations-between-diabetic-retinopathy-and-systemic-risk-29fh2ig9ns.pdf

Associations between diabetic retinopathy and systemic risk factors.

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of vision loss in people with diabetes mellitus; however, other causes of visual impairment/loss include other retinal and non-retinal visual problems, including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and cataracts. Additionally, when a person with diabetes complains of visual disturbance despite a visual acuity of 6/6, abnormalities in refraction, contrast sensitivity, straylight and amplitude of accommodation should be considered. We review and highlight these visual problems for physicians who manage people with diabetes to ensure timely referral and treatment to limit visual disability, which can have a significant impact on daily living, especially for those participating in sports and driving.

Visual complications in diabetes mellitus: beyond retinopathy

Nowadays, providing clean and accessible water to meet human needs is the major challenge of the 21st century. Nanoparticles have great potential for improving current technologies for water and wastewater treatment because of their novel properties. However, the risks associated with residual nanoparticles in treated waters and their difﬁcult separation have limited their widespread applications in water and wastewater treatment. To overcome this limitation, it is required to efficiently immobilize nanoparticles on a suitable bed. This review provides details on the immobilization of nanomaterials on various beds of different materials and morphologies. The major points are 1) a comprehensive summary of the current status of different beds used to immobilize nanomaterials, and 2) the features, advantages, and disadvantages of different beds. Different beds, including beads, membranes, fibers, 3D porous structures, organic supports, and inorganic supports, have been investigated to immobilize nanomaterials. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of beads, spherical carbon beads have excellent mechanical properties, chemical, thermal, and mechanical resistance. Therefore, they can be the best choice for the treatment processes. Adsorptive membranes have several advantages, including high efficiency, mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and high flexibility. Therefore, they are the best choice of membranes as a substrate. Among different 3D porous structures, the aerogel type has better properties for the immobilization of nanoparticles. Organic supports, which are considered as vulnerable support for nanoparticles, have several disadvantages, including low mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability. Inorganic supports can be considered the best substrate due to their many merits and few drawbacks.

A review on the various beds used for immobilization of nanoparticles: Overcoming the barrier to nanoparticle applications in water and wastewater treatment

Globally, 2.2 billion people live with some form of vision impairment and/or eye disease. To date, most systematic reviews examining associations have focused on a single eye disease and there is no systematic evaluation of the relationships between eye diseases and diverse physical and mental health outcomes. Moreover, the strength and reliability of the literature is unclear. We performed an umbrella review of observational studies with meta analyses for any physical and/or mental comorbidities associated with eye disease. For each association, random-effects summary effect size, heterogeneity, small-study effect, excess significance bias and 95% prediction intervals were calculated, and used to grade significant evidence from convincing to weak. 34 studies were included covering 58 outcomes. No outcomes yielded convincing evidence, six outcomes yielded highly suggestive results (cataract positively associated with type 2 diabetes, open-angled glaucoma positively associated with myopia and diabetes, diabetic retinopathy positively associated with cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular mortality, and retinopathy of prematurity positively associated with chorioamnionitis), eight outcomes yielded suggestive results (diabetic retinopathy positively associated with all-cause mortality and depression, diabetic macular oedema positively associated with dyslipidaemia, cataract positively associated with gout, nuclear sclerosis positively associated with all-cause mortality, open angled glaucoma positively associated with migraine and hypertension, and age-related macular degeneration positively associated with diabetes), and 18 outcomes yielded weak evidence. Results show highly suggestive or suggestive evidence for associations between several types of eye diseases with several comorbid outcomes. Practitioners and public health policies should note these findings when developing healthcare policies.

Eye disease and mortality, cognition, disease, and modifiable risk factors: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies.

Myopia and diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background It is generally believed that complement system is strongly associated with the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, complement system contains a variety of complement components, and the relationship between complement components and the risk and severity of NAFLD is inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association of complement components with the risk and severity of NAFLD. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ZhiWang Chinese databases from inception to May 2022 for observational studies reporting the risk of NAFLD with complement components. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to obtain pooled estimates of the effect due to heterogeneity. Results We identified 18 studies with a total of 18560 included subjects. According to recent studies, levels of complement component 3 (C3) (mean difference (MD): 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26-0.60), complement component 4 (C4) (MD: 0.04, 95% CI 0.02-0.07), complement component 5(C5) (MD: 34.03, 95% CI 30.80-37.27), complement factor B (CFB) (MD: 0.22, 95% CI 0.13-0.31) and acylation stimulating protein (ASP) (standard mean difference (SMD): 5.17, 95% CI 2.57-7.77) in patients with NAFLD were significantly higher than those in the control group. However, no statistical significance was obtained in complement factor D (CFD) levels between NAFLD and non-NAFLD (MD=156.51, 95% CI -59.38-372.40). Moreover, the levels of C3, C5, CFB, and ASP in patients with moderate and severe NAFLD were significantly higher than those in patients with mild NAFLD. Except for C4 and CFD, the included studies did not explore the changes in the severity of NAFLD according to the concentration of C4 and CFD. Conclusions This meta-analysis demonstrates that an increase in complement components including C3, C5, CFB, and ASP is associated with an increased risk and severity of NAFLD, indicating that they may be good biomarkers and targets for the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD. Systematic review registration PROSPERO [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/], identifier CRD42022348650.

/pdf/association-of-complement-components-with-the-risk-and-k190x6eu.pdf

Association of complement components with the risk and severity of NAFLD: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The effect of gastric bypass surgery on cognitive function of Alzheimer's disease and the role of GLP1-SGLT1 pathway

Objective Some studies have demonstrated a bidirectional association between obesity and depression, whereas others have not. This discordance might be due to the metabolic health status. We aimed to determine whether the relationship between obesity and depression is dependent on metabolic health status. Methods In total, 9,022,089 participants were enrolled and classified as one of four obesity phenotypes: metabolically healthy nonobesity (MHNO), metabolically unhealthy nonobesity (MUNO), metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). We then divided the population into eight phenotypes based on obesity and the number of metabolic risk factors. Furthermore, the associations of eight phenotypes, based on obesity and specific metabolic risk factors, with depression were assessed. Result Among all participants, a higher risk of depression was observed for MUNO, MHO and MUO than for MHNO. The risk was highest for MUO (OR = 1.442; 95% CI = 1.432, 1.451). However, the association between MHO and depression was different for men and women (OR = 0.941, men; OR = 1.132, women). The risk of depression increased as the number of metabolic risk factors increased. Dyslipidemia was the strongest metabolic risk factor. These relationships were consistent among patients ≥ 45 years of age. Conclusions The increased risk of obesity-related depression appears to partly depend on metabolic health status. The results highlight the importance of a favorable metabolic status, and even nonobese populations should be screened for metabolic disorders.

The Relationship Between Obesity and Depression Is Partly Dependent on Metabolic Health Status: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database Study

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Myopia and diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Association of complement components with the risk and severity of NAFLD: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The effect of gastric bypass surgery on cognitive function of Alzheimer's disease and the role of GLP1-SGLT1 pathway

The Relationship Between Obesity and Depression Is Partly Dependent on Metabolic Health Status: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database Study