Insights into Drug Loading Techniques with Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Optimization of Operating Conditions and Assessment of Drug Stability

Aptamer/doxorubicin-conjugated nanoparticles target membranous CEMIP2 in colorectal cancer.

Orally administered nanocarriers play an important role in improving druggability, promoting intestinal absorption, and enhancing therapeutic applications for the treatment of local and systemic diseases. However, the delivering efficiency and cell response in mucosa to orally administered nanocarriers is affected by the physiological environment and barriers in the gastrointestinal tract, the physicochemical properties of the nanocarriers, and their bidirectional interactions. Goblet cells secrete and form extracellular mucus, which hinders the movement of nanoparticles. Meanwhile, intestinal epithelial cells may absorb the NPs, allowing for their transcytosis or degradation. Conversely, nanoparticle-induced toxicity may occur as a biological response to the nanoparticle exposure. Additionally, immune response and cell functions in secretions such as mucin, peptide, and cytokines may also be altered. In this review, we discuss the bidirectional interactions between nanoparticles and cells focusing on enterocytes and goblet cells, M cells, and immune cells in the mucosa according to the essential role of intestinal epithelial cells and their crosstalk with immune cells. Furthermore, we discuss the recent advances of how the physiochemical properties of nanoparticles influence their interplay, delivery, and fate in intestinal mucosa. Understanding the fate of nanoparticles with different physiochemical properties from the perspective of their interaction with cells in mucosa provides essential support for the development, rational design, potency maximation, and application of advanced oral nanocarrier delivery systems. 

Intestinal nanoparticle delivery and cellular response: a review of the bidirectional nanoparticle-cell interplay in mucosa based on physiochemical properties

Chirality plays a crucial function in the regulation of normal physiological processes and is widespread in organisms. Chirality can be imparted to nanomaterials, whether they are natural or manmade, through the process of asymmetric assembly and/or grafting of molecular chiral groups or linkers. Chiral inorganic nanomaterials possess unique physical and chemical features that set them apart from regular nanomaterials. They also have the ability to interact with cells and tissues in a specific manner, making them useful in various biomedical applications, particularly in the treatment of tumors. Despite the growing amount of research on chiral inorganic nanomaterials in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and their promising potential applications, there is a lack of literature that comprehensively summarizes the intricate interactions between chiral inorganic nanomaterials and TME. In this review, we introduce the fundamental concept, classification, synthesis methods, and physicochemical features of chiral inorganic nanomaterials. Next, we briefly outline the components of TME, such as T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and weak acids, and then discuss the anti-tumor effects of several chiral inorganic nanoparticles targeting these components and their potential for possible application during cancer therapy. Finally, the present challenges faced by chiral inorganic nanomaterials in cancer treatment and their future areas of investigation are disclosed. 

Chiral inorganic nanomaterials in the tumor microenvironment: a new chapter in cancer therapy

Mucus clearance, epithelium mucosal barrier and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux are the main gastrointestinal barriers that limit the oral delivery of nanoparticles. Inspired by tunable particles surface properties-dependent trans-mucus and trans-mucosal abilities, novel bilayer-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) containing D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) and sulfobetaine 12 (SB12) were designed by layer-to-layer assembly. The amino-grafted MSN (MSN-NH2) was firstly functionalized with TPGS as hydrophobic layer (MSN-TPGS), and then SB12 was self-assembled on the hydrophobic surface of MSN-TPGS to generate a neutral and hydrophilic MSN (MSN-TPGS@SB12). Compared with MSN-NH2, MSN-TPGS, and MSN-TPGS@P123, the MSN-TPGS@SB12 possessed “one stone three birds” functions that enhanced mucus penetration, increased trans-mucosal absorption, as well as suppressed P-gp efflux. The pharmacokinetics study demonstrated that the MSN-TPGS@SB12 loading puerarin (MSN-TPGS@SB12-PUE) exhibited much higher bioavailability compared to other PUE-loaded formulations. Furthermore, the MSN-TPGS@SB12-PUE could significantly enhance the anti-inflammatory efficacy of PUE in vitro and in vivo. In summary, bilayer-functionalized MSN-TPGS@SB12 is a promising vehicle for overcoming the multiple gastrointestinal barriers (mucus clearance, intestinal epithelium barrier and P-gp efflux). Meanwhile, this study also provides a better understanding of the importance of tunable surface property of MSN on oral delivery of drug. 

Bilayer-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for overcoming multiple barriers of mucus clearance, intestinal epithelium and P-glycoprotein efflux

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles with chiral pattern topological structure function as "antiskid tires" on the intestinal mucosa to facilitate oral drugs delivery.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Lin Zhao

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles with chiral pattern topological structure function as "antiskid tires" on the intestinal mucosa to facilitate oral drugs delivery.