Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery

Procedure Appropriateness Category Relative Radiation Level Radiography area of interest Usually Appropriate Varies CT area of interest with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate Varies CT area of interest without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate Varies CT area of interest without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate Varies FDG-PET/CT whole body Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢ MRI area of interest without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O MRI area of interest without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O Bone scan whole body Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢ US area of interest Usually Not Appropriate O

The American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria project.

Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is a checkpoint receptor expressed on the surface of various immune cells. PD-L1, the natural receptor for PD-1, is mainly expressed in tumor cells. Studies have indicated that PD-1 and PD-L1 are closely associated with the progression of human cancers and are promising biomarkers for cancer therapy. Moreover, the interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 is one of the important mechanism by which human tumors generate immune escape. This article provides a review on the role of PD-L1/PD-1, mechanisms of immune response and resistance, as well as immune-related adverse events in the treatment of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in human cancers. Moreover, we summarized a large number of clinical trials to successfully reveal that PD-1/PD-L1 Immune-checkpoint inhibitors have manifested promising therapeutic effects, which have been evaluated from different perspectives, including overall survival, objective effective rate and medium progression-free survival. Finally, we pointed out the current problems faced by PD-1/PD-L1 Immune-checkpoint inhibitors and its future prospects. Although PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors have been widely used in the treatment of human cancers, tough challenges still remain. Combination therapy and predictive models based on integrated biomarker determination theory may be the future directions for the application of PD-1/PD-L1 Immune-checkpoint inhibitors in treating human cancers.

/pdf/the-role-of-pd-1-pd-l1-and-application-of-immune-checkpoint-6hys1xf9.pdf

The role of PD-1/PD-L1 and application of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in human cancers

CT perfusion imaging is a promising technique for diagnosing primary or metastatic tumors, for assessing the efficacy of systemic or local tumor therapy, for predicting early response to anticancer treatments, and for monitoring tumor recurrence after therapy.

/pdf/ct-perfusion-of-the-liver-principles-and-applications-in-cr9x2hrcfp.pdf

CT Perfusion of the Liver: Principles and Applications in Oncology

Prevalence of Sclerosing Cholangitis Detected by Magnetic Resonance Cholangiography in Patients With Long-term Inflammatory Bowel Disease

BACKGROUND Computed tomographic (CT) perfusion imaging has been applied in many clinical areas, but few studies have addressed the values of CT perfusion imaging in evaluating the therapeutic response of chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). OBJECTIVE To assess the perfusion changes of HCC after transarterial chemoembolization, and to investigate the values of CT perfusion imaging in chemoembolization procedure. METHODS Multidetector computed tomographic perfusion imaging was performed in 24 patients with HCC 1 week before and 4 weeks after chemoembolization. The CT perfusion parameters, including hepatic arterial perfusion (HAP), hepatic portal perfusion (HPP), total liver perfusion (TLP), and hepatic arterial perfusion index (HAPI), were calculated by using the slope method. The t statistic was used to analysis the difference of CT perfusion parameter values before and after chemoembolization therapy. RESULTS The values of HAP, TLP, and HAPI in tumors 4 weeks after chemoembolization were significantly decreased than those before chemoembolization (P 0.05). CONCLUSION Computed tomographic perfusion imaging has the ability to evaluate the perfusion changes in HCC after chemoembolization, which can be used to evaluate the therapeutic response of chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Computed tomographic perfusion imaging for the therapeutic response of chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world and the third leading cause of cancer-related death. Although the diagnostic scheme of HCC is currently undergoing refinement, the prognosis of HCC is still not satisfactory. In addition to certain factors, such as tumor size and number and vascular invasion displayed on traditional imaging, some histopathological features and gene expression parameters are also important for the prognosis of HCC patients. However, most parameters are based on postoperative pathological examinations, which cannot help with preoperative decision-making. As a new field, radiomics extracts high-throughput imaging data from different types of images to build models and predict clinical outcomes noninvasively before surgery, rendering it a powerful aid for making personalized treatment decisions preoperatively. Objective This study reviewed the workflow of radiomics and the research progress on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiomics in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. Methods A literature review was conducted by searching PubMed for search of relevant peer-reviewed articles published from May 2017 to June 2021.The search keywords included HCC, MRI, radiomics, deep learning, artificial intelligence, machine learning, neural network, texture analysis, diagnosis, histopathology, microvascular invasion, surgical resection, radiofrequency, recurrence, relapse, transarterial chemoembolization, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, therapeutic response, and prognosis. Results Radiomics features on MRI can be used as biomarkers to determine the differential diagnosis, histological grade, microvascular invasion status, gene expression status, local and systemic therapeutic responses, and prognosis of HCC patients. Conclusion Radiomics is a promising new imaging method. MRI radiomics has high application value in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.

/pdf/progress-of-mri-radiomics-in-hepatocellular-carcinoma-2yt1onih91.pdf

Progress of MRI Radiomics in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Common bile duct diameter in an asymptomatic population: A magnetic resonance imaging study

Objectives: To study the MRI findings of the pancreatic duct in patients with acute pancreatitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 239 patients with acute pancreatitis and 125 controls were analyzed in this study. The severity of acute pancreatitis was graded using the MR severity index (MRSI) and the Acute Physiology And Chronic Healthy Evaluation II(APACHE II) scoring systems. The number of main pancreatic duct (MPD) segments visualized, and both MPD diameter and pancreatic duct disruption were noted and compared with the severity of acute pancreatitis. Results: The frequency of MPD segment visualization in the control group was higher than that in the acute pancreatitis group (p,0.05). The number of MPD segments visualized was negatively correlated with the MRSI score (p,0.05) and the APACHE II score (p,0.05). There was no difference in the MPD diameter between the acute pancreatitis and control groups or among the patients with different severities of acute pancreatitis (p.0.05). The prevalence of pancreatic duct disruption was 7.9% in the acute pancreatitis group. The prevalences of pancreatic duct disruption were 4.8% and 15.3% in the mild and severe acute pancreatitis groups based on the APACHE II score, respectively, and were 0%, 5.7% and 43.5% in the mild, moderate and severe acute pancreatitis groups according the MRSI score, respectively. The prevalence of pancreatic duct disruption was correlated with the severity of acute pancreatitis based on the APACHE II score (p,0.05) and MRSI score (p,0.05). Conclusion: The pancreatic duct in acute pancreatitis patients was of normal diameter. The number of MPD segments visualized and visible pancreatic duct disruption on MRI may be supplementary indicators for determining the severity of acute pancreatitis.

/pdf/pancreatic-duct-patterns-in-acute-pancreatitis-a-mri-study-2xm3oc5r76.pdf

Pancreatic duct patterns in acute pancreatitis: a MRI study.

Renal and perirenal space involvement in acute pancreatitis: An MRI study

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Lin Yang

Author Tools

Chat about Author