The visualization of objects such as transparent living cells and tissues plays an important role in biological research. However, weak scattering and absorption of ``phase objects'' make it challenging to obtain high-contrast images, and phase-contrast techniques are needed. This study proposes differential microscopy based on the photonic spin Hall effect at a simple glass interface. The combination of the photonic spin Hall effect and a bright-field microscope can perform spatial differentiation on the phase distribution, which leads to a low-cost differential interference contrast (DIC) system. 

Photonic Spin-Hall Differential Microscopy

The photonic spin Hall effect provides a quantitative way to characterize the spin–orbit interaction of light and enables many applications, such as the precise metrology, since this effect is featured with a spin‐dependent transverse shift of the light beam. This transverse shift is generally nonzero during the reflection/transmission process, and it is sensitive to the polarization and the incident angle of the light beam. By contrast, here it is revealed that for the transmitted light, the transverse shift can be always zero and polarization‐independent, irrespective of the incident angle. The underlying mechanism is that the conversion between the spin and orbit angular momenta of light is fully suppressed during the transmission process. Such an exotic photonic spin Hall effect occurs, if tpp=tss${t^{{\rm{pp}}}} = {t^{{\rm{ss}}}}$ , tps=−tsp${t^{{\rm{ps}}}} = - {t^{{\rm{sp}}}}$ , and θt=θi${\theta _t} = {\theta _i}$ , where t stands for the transmission coefficient and its first (second) superscript represents the polarization of the transmitted (incident) light, and θt${\theta _t}$ ( θi${\theta _i}$ ) is the transmitted (incident) angle. These transmission conditions are achievable, e.g., by exploiting an interface only with a chiral surface conductivity. Similarly, a polarization‐independent photonic spin Hall effect is revealed for the reflected light.

Exotic Photonic Spin Hall Effect from a Chiral Interface

Since the late 19th century, enormous endeavors have been made in extending the scope and capability of optical interferometers. Recently, plasmonic vortices that strongly confine the orbital angular momentum to surface have attracted considerable attention. However, current research interests in this area have focused on the mechanisms and dynamics of polarization‐dependent single plasmonic vortex generation and evolution, while the interference between different plasmonic vortices for practical applications has been unexplored. Here, a method for flexible on‐chip spin‐to‐orbital angular momentum conversion is introduced, resulting in exotic interferograms. Based on this method, a new form of interferometers that is realized by the interference between customized plasmonic vortices is demonstrated. Within wavelength‐scale dimension, the proposed plasmonic vortex interferometers exhibit superior performance to directly measure the polarization state, spin and orbital angular momentum of incident beams. The proposed interferometry is straightforward and robust, and can be expected to be applied to different scenarios, fueling fundamental advances and applications alike.

On‐Chip Plasmonic Vortex Interferometers

Artificial camouflage has garnered long-standing interest in both academia and industry. The metasurface-based cloak has attracted much attention due to the powerful capability of manipulating the electromagnetic wave, convenient multifunctional integration design, and easy fabrication. However, existing metasurface-based cloaks tend to be passive and of single function and monopolarization, which cannot meet the requirement of applications in ever-changing environments. So far, it is still challenging to realize a reconfigurable full-polarization metasurface cloak with multifunctional integration. Herein, we proposed an innovative metasurface cloak, which can simultaneously realize dynamic illusion effects at lower frequencies (e.g., 4.35 GHz) and specific microwave transparency at higher frequencies (e.g., X band) for communication with the outside environment. These electromagnetic functionalities are demonstrated by both numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The simulation and measurement results agree well with each other, indicating that our metasurface cloak can generate various electromagnetic illusions for full polarizations as well as a polarization-insensitive transparent window for the signal transmission to enable the communication between the cloaked device and the outside environment. It is believed that our design can offer powerful camouflage tactics to address the stealth problem in ever-changing environments.

Polarization-Insensitive Metasurface Cloak for Dynamic Illusions with an Electromagnetic Transparent Window.

A chiral near‐field with a highly contorted electromagnetic field builds a bridge to match chiral molecules and light wavelengths with large size differences. It significantly enhances the circular dichroism of chiral molecules and has great prospects in chirality sensing, detection, trapping, and other chirality‐related applications. Surface plasmons feature outstanding light‐trapping and electromagnetic‐field‐concentrating abilities. Plasmonic chiral nanostructures facilitate light manipulation to generate superchiral near‐fields. Meanwhile, the nanophotonic structures have attracted significant interest to obtain strong chiral near‐fields due to their unique electromagnetic resonant properties. During the interaction of light and chiral materials, the chiral near‐field not only bridges the light and chiral molecules but is also responsible for the optical activities. This paper reviews state‐of‐the‐art studies on generating or enhancing chiral near‐fields using plasmonic and photonic nanostructures. The principle of chiral near‐fields and the development of chiral near‐fields with plasmonic and photonic nanostructures are reviewed. The properties and applications of enhanced chiral near‐fields for chiral molecule detection, spin‐orbit angular interaction, and the generation of the chiral optical force are examined. Finally, current challenges are discussed and a brief outlook of this field is provided.

/pdf/plasmonic-and-photonic-enhancement-of-chiral-near-fields-1lw0rd8t.pdf

Plasmonic and Photonic Enhancement of Chiral Near‐Fields

Probing and Imaging Photonic Spin-Orbit Interactions in Nanostructures

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Probing and Imaging Photonic Spin-Orbit Interactions in Nanostructures