
 Implementation of stealth features on advanced airborne platforms (Aircrafts, Unmanned Air Vehicles, Missiles, etc.) has become a compulsion for each country, for denial/delay detection of these objects from enemy Radars, during tactical missions. Apart from the shaping of airframe, implementation of Microwave Absorbing Materials (MAMs) on identified locations of airborne vehicles is the only viable solution to reduce their Radar Cross Section (RCS) and eventually attain stealth capabilities. Numerous dielectric and magnetic class materials have been developed over the last few decades to fulfil the requirement for RCS reduction against various Radars operating in different frequency ranges. In this review, a detailed representation of almost entire range of materials used as MAMs has been provided along with their possible Microwave (MW) loss mechanism to fill the gap that existed for a systematic insight on MAMs till now. The current limitations, and future aspects are also discussed for the development of future stealth materials.

/pdf/microwave-absorbing-materials-for-stealth-application-a-6a9g4p4g.pdf

Microwave Absorbing Materials for Stealth Application: A Holistic Overview

In current complex electromagnetic environment, the development of multi-functional materials with high-temperature resistance is crucial for the next-generation of electromagnetic wave absorbing (EWA) materials. Transition-metal carbides (TMCs) such as molybdenum carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, niobium carbide, vanadium carbide, zirconium carbide, tantalum carbide, and hafnium carbide exhibit good high-temperature resistance and chemical stability, making them the most potential non-oxide high temperature structural EWA materials. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, various effective strategies, including component regulation, morphology design, interface engineering, and phase engineering etc., have been successfully applied to regulate the EWA performances of TMCs. Moreover, the emergence of new two-dimension carbides (MXene) has once sparked a resurgence of research on TMCs as EWA materials. While numerous TMCs and TMCs-based composites demonstrating EWA properties have been reported, a systematic review to summarize these materials is currently lacking. This Review summarizes recent progress aimed at understanding the structure, EWA performance and correlated mechanisms of TMCs. The current challenges and prospects for future opportunities of TMCs as EWA materials are also discussed. It is hoped that this review could provide new insights to design and fabricate TMCs-based EWA materials with better fundamental understanding and practical application. 

Transition metal carbides towards electromagnetic wave absorption application: state of the art and perspectives

High-entropy engineering is an effective strategy for developing high properties of the transition-metal carbides, including their mechanical and functional performance, owing to its high-entropy effect, sluggish diffusion effect, sever lattice distortion, and cocktail effect. In this study, a single-phase high-entropy ceramic with a rock-salt crystal structure (Hf0.25Zr0.25Nb0.25Ta0.25)C was fabricated through a solid-phase reaction at 2200 °C. The as-obtained, high-entropy ceramic powder exhibited high efficiency electromagnetic-wave-absorption capability. The minimum reflection loss (RL) value reached approximately − 64.38 dB at 16 GHz with a thickness of 4.43 mm. By tuning the thickness of the sample, the total effective absorption bandwidth (RL ≤ −10 dB) was ∼ 4.46 GHz, almost covering the Ku band. The excellent microwave absorption performance was ascribed to the high-entropy effect of the strong dielectric loss of the material as well as the proper impedance matching degree. Thus, high-entropy engineering is expected to be a promising route for developing microwave absorbers with excellent absorption capability. 

Fabrication and electromagnetic wave absorbing properties of the (Hf0.25Zr0.25Nb0.25Ta0.25)C high-entropy ceramics

In the context of abundant marine wind energy resources, offshore wind power presents an effective solution to the current energy crisis, however, the challenges of electromagnetic interference and corrosion faced by offshore wind power generation equipment demand urgent resolution. This study addresses these issues by employing a coordination strategy between deprotonated dopamine and transition metal ions, utilizing compositional regulation and temperature engineering to synthesize a series of carbon/transition metal carbides (TMCs) composite materials. Compositional regulation introduces heterojunction interfaces to enhance dielectric loss, while temperature engineering effectively adjusts the material's impedance matching. WM@C, with an extremely thin thickness of 1.66 mm, demonstrates a remarkable effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) reaching 5.52 GHz, accompanied by a maximum reflection loss (RL) of –26.8 dB. Notably, attributed to the outstanding anti-chloride ion pitting ability of TMCs and the stacking effect of dense carbon nanosheets on the surface, the synthesized composite coatings demonstrate excellent corrosion protection capabilities. After 10 consecutive days of salt spray test, the EAB of the WM@C still maintains 5.01 GHz at 1.76 mm, a new idea of dual-function integrated materials for microwave absorption (MA) and corrosion protection has been developed, providing theoretical support for the construction of offshore wind power generation equipment. 

Synergistic defense: compositional regulation and temperature engineering of TMCs for enhanced microwave absorption and corrosion protection

The rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers and strong photocorrosion have considerably limited the practical application of CdS in the field of photocatalysis. Loading a cocatalyst has been widely utilized to largely enhance photocatalytic activity. In the present work, a WC@C cocatalyst was prepared by a novel molten salt method and explored as an efficient noble-metal-free cocatalyst to significantly enhance the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of CdS nanorods. The WC@C/CdS composite photocatalyst with a 7 wt% content of WC@C showed the highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 8.84 mmol g-1 h-1, which was about 21 and 31 times higher than those of CdS and 7 wt% Pt/CdS under visible light irradiation. A high apparent quantum efficiency (AQY) of 55.28% could be achieved under 420 nm monochromatic light. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of the 7 wt% WC@C/CdS photocatalyst exhibited good stability for 12 consecutive cycles of the photocatalytic experiment with a total reaction time of 42 h. The excellent photocatalytic performance of the photocatalyst was attributed to the formation of a Schottky junction and the loading cocatalyst, which not only accelerated the separation of the photogenerated carrier but also provided a reactive site for hydrogen evolution. This work revealed that WC@C could act as an excellent cocatalyst for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of CdS nanorods.

Ultrafast charge separation in a WC@C/CdS heterojunction enables efficient visible-light-driven hydrogen generation.

Fabrication and microwave absorbing property of WO3@WC with a core-shell porous structure

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Fabrication and microwave absorbing property of WO3@WC with a core-shell porous structure